tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-36922639155527494032024-03-18T01:17:03.733-04:00Pat Spears: Ancestor DetectorI started this blog to have conversations with fellow genealogists. The purpose of this blog is to share stories, successes, techniques, resources, and to give and receive help.Pat Spearshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12823338581399447865noreply@blogger.comBlogger82125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3692263915552749403.post-66674484476834217932021-09-03T18:43:00.020-04:002021-09-12T11:15:30.175-04:00Research in Ireland Part 1: Roman Catholic Parish Records<p> If you have Irish immigrants in your ancestry and have
attempted to trace them back to Ireland, you already know the challenges of
this quest. Many Americans who have Irish lines only know that someone came
from Ireland at some time. Others are more fortunate to have found family
records, immigration records or vital records that offer some clues as to where
their ancestors lived in Ireland and when they might have emigrated. But for
the majority of us who descend from poor Irish men and women who spent much of
their lives struggling as new immigrants, we find they left few records. On the US census, often an ancestor’s record shows only the country of origin as Ireland, and we
yearn for at least the name of the county.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-IcQCGoi68mY/YS0--aFIuVI/AAAAAAAADZo/N-RanpKt1E4Hvy6_o5IC4Gr-15Anay5gACNcBGAsYHQ/s640/Immigrants%2Bat%2BEllis%2BIsland.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="640" height="256" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-IcQCGoi68mY/YS0--aFIuVI/AAAAAAAADZo/N-RanpKt1E4Hvy6_o5IC4Gr-15Anay5gACNcBGAsYHQ/s320/Immigrants%2Bat%2BEllis%2BIsland.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: xx-small; text-indent: -0.25in;">Landing at Ellis
Island, Illus. in: Quarantine sketches. The Maltine Company, [1902, p. 25],
LC-USZ62-12595, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division,
Washington, D.C. </span></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Before we dive in to a tool to help us identify the areas of
Ireland where our ancestors may have lived, it is imperative to understand how
the country is organized. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-8PMLEmUrJsc/YS1Bo3ua2JI/AAAAAAAADZw/Mx9tEZkRs_c2npFEJFUMUWKM4WN22GXxQCNcBGAsYHQ/s512/Ireland_map_modern.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="512" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-8PMLEmUrJsc/YS1Bo3ua2JI/AAAAAAAADZw/Mx9tEZkRs_c2npFEJFUMUWKM4WN22GXxQCNcBGAsYHQ/s320/Ireland_map_modern.png" width="320" /></a></div><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">File:Ireland map
modern.png. (2020, September 13). Wikimedia Commons, the free media
repository. Retrieved 20:40, August 30, 2021 from <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/3692263915552749403/6667448447683421793">https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ireland_map_modern.png&oldid=457463988</a></span></div></span><p class="MsoNormal">While we have states and counties in America that
form our basic municipal organization, Ireland has several more divisions
besides the county level, both civil and religious. <a href="https://www.wesleyjohnston.com/">Wesley Johnston</a> explains the <a href="https://www.wesleyjohnston.com/users/ireland/geography/counties.html">province/county divisions</a> very clearly and provides excellent maps. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">After the county level, the next division is the Roman
Catholic <a href="https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/diocese">diocese</a>. In Ireland, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_in_Ireland">organization of the dioceses</a> precede
the partition, so some are only in the North or in the Republic while others
span both areas. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Within the diocese is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_Ireland#:~:text=A%20civil%20parish%20is%20typically,some%20use%20in%20local%20taxation">parish</a>, and there are two types: civil and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/ecclesiastical">ecclesiastical</a>, the latter <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of which is subdivided into
Roman Catholic and Church of Ireland (Protestant.) </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Two other divisions, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barony_(Ireland)">Barony</a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poor_law_union">Poor Law Union</a> will not be part of this post but can be very helpful to researchers.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">We now turn our attention to a record collection that may be
of help in your search, no matter where you are in your knowledge of the
location of your ancestors in Ireland. This record set is the “<a href="https://www.nli.ie/en/parish-register.aspx">Ireland Roman Catholic Parish Records</a>” at the <a href="https://www.nli.ie/en/homepage.aspx">National Library of Ireland</a> (NLI.) </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-n6wfYx84O34/YTKjgdqI4WI/AAAAAAAADas/90IC0kx3fQwMQ71lYSGghvGiXLTXQPIjwCNcBGAsYHQ/s580/NLI%2Bpicasa.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="414" data-original-width="580" height="285" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-n6wfYx84O34/YTKjgdqI4WI/AAAAAAAADas/90IC0kx3fQwMQ71lYSGghvGiXLTXQPIjwCNcBGAsYHQ/w400-h285/NLI%2Bpicasa.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 8pt;">[National Library of
Ireland]. 1930-1950</span></div></span><p class="MsoNormal">You can <a href="https://lisalouisecooke.com/2015/07/08/irish-catholic-parish-registers-from-national-library-of-ireland/">view the records</a> at this site, but they are not transcribed and can be difficult to read.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Fortunately, the genealogy program <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Findmypast">Findmypast</a> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PvHyv4v0vGg/YTOmB9WiY1I/AAAAAAAADa0/vJZDe_at3B08xfz5xL3Lo_2W4ugvOyTHwCNcBGAsYHQ/s194/Findmypast%2Blogo%2B1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="83" data-original-width="194" height="83" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PvHyv4v0vGg/YTOmB9WiY1I/AAAAAAAADa0/vJZDe_at3B08xfz5xL3Lo_2W4ugvOyTHwCNcBGAsYHQ/s0/Findmypast%2Blogo%2B1.JPG" width="194" /></a></div><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><div style="text-align: center;">used by permission of Findmypast</div></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>has transcribed many of the records and makes them searchable free of charge (you do
need to set up an account.) Here is the page to browse the Parish records:</p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-C0VXjMwemEw/YSv_gzen7KI/AAAAAAAADZE/gY4L1BAjZfkt7xMvnxVjqQndHUAX3i7lACNcBGAsYHQ/s742/Findmypast%2BRegisters.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="337" data-original-width="742" height="181" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-C0VXjMwemEw/YSv_gzen7KI/AAAAAAAADZE/gY4L1BAjZfkt7xMvnxVjqQndHUAX3i7lACNcBGAsYHQ/w400-h181/Findmypast%2BRegisters.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal">You are also able to search by surname in each of the three types of records: baptism, marriage and death. Later in the post, I will demonstrate a search of the baptismal records.</p>The company describes the
full collection as:<p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“ …over 10 million Catholic family records …Original church
registers of baptisms, marriages, burials, communions, confirmations and more
will reveal some of the most important details in your family's history. Every
county and over 1,000 parishes in Ireland are covered.”</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Before we do a search of the Parish Records to give you a
taste of the process, here’s a tip: if you are new to Findmypast or want a
refresher on how to search the records, I suggest you watch <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lxYQJb-bGAo">Jen Baldwin’s</a>
youtube video. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I decided to begin my Parish Record search in Findmypast
with my paternal great grandfather’s surname of Carney.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I have included screen shots (by permission of Findmpast) from the program
to guide you through my search process.</p><p class="MsoNormal">When you sign in to Findmypast, this page appears:</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hOSaD8q-TSY/YS1C-3EqEuI/AAAAAAAADZ4/Dmfx9xbmL58lH15OZlLzF85tZdnUDSdrACNcBGAsYHQ/s534/Findmypast%2Bopening%2Bscreen1.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="258" data-original-width="534" height="194" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hOSaD8q-TSY/YS1C-3EqEuI/AAAAAAAADZ4/Dmfx9xbmL58lH15OZlLzF85tZdnUDSdrACNcBGAsYHQ/w400-h194/Findmypast%2Bopening%2Bscreen1.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_4hc4m_gCLA/YS1DCoWO5dI/AAAAAAAADZ8/jleT7XIfBcA8UMU_4_QaNR8BdlUkQdZ3QCNcBGAsYHQ/s885/Findmypast%2Bopening%2Bscreen2.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="379" data-original-width="885" height="171" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_4hc4m_gCLA/YS1DCoWO5dI/AAAAAAAADZ8/jleT7XIfBcA8UMU_4_QaNR8BdlUkQdZ3QCNcBGAsYHQ/w400-h171/Findmypast%2Bopening%2Bscreen2.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><div><br /></div>As seen above, I chose the "Quick Links" section to search. Under that heading, I narrowed my search to "Parish Records" which brought me to this page:<div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qzr6nvbwmAU/YS1N24Hrm9I/AAAAAAAADaI/1ypXpgR_znM6Z1bT1hTpiWF9D40RkPo-wCNcBGAsYHQ/s717/Findmypast%2Bscreen%2B1.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="336" data-original-width="717" height="188" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qzr6nvbwmAU/YS1N24Hrm9I/AAAAAAAADaI/1ypXpgR_znM6Z1bT1hTpiWF9D40RkPo-wCNcBGAsYHQ/w400-h188/Findmypast%2Bscreen%2B1.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div>As you can see above, I started from the left and narrowed my records search to "Parish Baptisms." Then under <i>Who,</i> I typed "Carney" as my name search. Under <i>Where</i> there is a pull-down menu, and I selected "Ireland." And I received 4,423 results! I needed to narrow my search parameters.</div><div><br /></div><div>The program allows you drill down further into the location you want to search. I discussed my counties of interest in Ireland in an earlier <a href="http://spearspat.blogspot.com/search?q=northern+ireland.">post</a>. I would narrow my Ireland search to Tyrone County. When I typed "Tyrone," the words "Northern Ireland" were added by the program.</div><div><br /></div><div> See my changes on the page below:</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-CPgiBCjhgTM/YS466x3Z3oI/AAAAAAAADaQ/7chJJrVdi70Y2cl8OYg2QpoX96nOGLwFACNcBGAsYHQ/s948/Findmypast%2Bscreen%2B2.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="948" height="211" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-CPgiBCjhgTM/YS466x3Z3oI/AAAAAAAADaQ/7chJJrVdi70Y2cl8OYg2QpoX96nOGLwFACNcBGAsYHQ/w400-h211/Findmypast%2Bscreen%2B2.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div></div><div>If you look at the third box under <i>Where</i>, you find the <a href="https://eogn.com/page-18080/10342594">mileage register. </a> I moved it to 20 which means 20 miles out from the center of the county. </div><div><br /></div><div>These new parameters brought the total results from 4,423 to 28, a workable number. I wanted to find out when the earliest baptism was. On the blue bar above the results, I clicked on the <i>Year </i>column heading. This sorts the data chronologically from the earliest date; in this case, from 1779-1880. </div><div><br /></div><div>As I looked at the 28 Carney baptisms, I focused on the <i>Location</i> column heading. I noticed that 17 (61%) were in the diocese of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Clogher">Clogher</a>. This kind of cluster bears more scrutiny. Looking more closely at the Clogher parishes where Carneys were baptized, I noticed that Carolus Carney's family were in <a href="https://www.libraryireland.com/topog/A/Aghalurcher-Magherastephena-Fermanagh.php">Aughalurcher Parish</a>. Again, this name was familiar. In another record group, the <a href="https://www.nationalarchives.ie/article/catholic-qualification-rolls-1700-1845/">Catholic Qualification Rolls</a>, (I will write another post on this source) I found a Denis McElroy, one of the Carney cohort families described in my post of <a href="http://spearspat.blogspot.com/search?q=mcelroy">August 18, 2013</a>, living in Aughalurcher Parish also. And even more exciting is that both Carolus and Denis were from the same small village of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maguiresbridge">Maguiresbridge</a>! Another interesting link among the Carney baptism locations is that 9 out of the 28 were from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enniskillen">Enniskillen</a> , 8 miles from Maguiresbridge.</div><div><br /></div><div>In conclusion, my goals in this post were to introduce the Ireland Roman Catholic Parish Records and to show how to search them with Findmypast. I also wanted to show how a researcher can put the findings from different sources together to come up with new connections.</div>Pat Spearshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12823338581399447865noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3692263915552749403.post-61146822067712062782020-09-19T17:08:00.002-04:002021-07-18T18:36:42.941-04:00Irish on the Move<p> Hello to all my readers! I wanted to wish you health, safety
and well-being during these times of the pandemic and economic disruption. I
have not been writing on my blog during the last year (July 2019 – August 2020)
but I have been working on my Carney/Kearney and Duffy lines, trying to locate
where they may have lived in Ireland. From this research, I have discovered
several sources and information that may be helpful to others on this journey.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">As preparation for my research into possible ancestral home places
in Ireland, I studied the map of Ireland and started reading Irish history.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3Kv8w2zQ8oI/X2ZlCECwzdI/AAAAAAAADQU/OShgAbIedk89uYsyXehkGAfi5eNu1AxhwCNcBGAsYHQ/s361/Ireland_map.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="361" data-original-width="280" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3Kv8w2zQ8oI/X2ZlCECwzdI/AAAAAAAADQU/OShgAbIedk89uYsyXehkGAfi5eNu1AxhwCNcBGAsYHQ/s320/Ireland_map.gif" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Ireland_map.gif" title="Ireland map.gif"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Ireland_map.gif</span></a>, Created by </span><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usuario:George_McFinnigan" title="es:Usuario:George McFinnigan"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration-line: none;">George McFinnigan</span></a>, <span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Ireland_map.gif">26 February
2006</a>,</span> Wikimedia.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">I
realized that I didn’t know anything about the movement of people within
Ireland over the years. This knowledge would be critical in my quest to trace
my lines in the country.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In my experience, when American scholars write about Irish
history, they focus on their coming here and especially concentrate on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)">Great famine of 1845-1849</a>. And this is to be expected as the American public wants to know about this time
period because, according to the <a href="https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/immigration/irish/irish-catholic-immigration-to-america/#:~:text=Between%201820%20and%201860%2C%20the,all%20immigrants%20to%20this%20nation">Library of Congress</a>:</p><p class="MsoNormal"> “Between 1820 and 1860, the Irish constituted over one third of all
immigrants to the United States. In the 1840s, they comprised nearly half of
all immigrants to this nation.”<sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">1</span></sup> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Vr2XaQD7_DI/X2ZU7Rxn8_I/AAAAAAAADPE/B-XSe4_9ZdAE6_ERQXMPD24JMtIufsdfACNcBGAsYHQ/s640/Emigrant%2Bship.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="446" data-original-width="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Vr2XaQD7_DI/X2ZU7Rxn8_I/AAAAAAAADPE/B-XSe4_9ZdAE6_ERQXMPD24JMtIufsdfACNcBGAsYHQ/s320/Emigrant%2Bship.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div><span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">On board an
emigrant ship - the breakfast bell immigrants on ship deck, <br /></span><span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">1884, LC-USZ62-60319
(b&w film copy neg.) </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">Library of Congress Prints and Photographs.</span></div></div></span><p class="MsoNormal">Also, humans are ethnocentric and naturally like to tell
their stories from their point of view as this cover of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine">Harper’s magazine</a>
shows: the people of Ireland are beseeching America for help:</p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-N2BAhJ_cK8w/X2ZLKBHoWDI/AAAAAAAADOk/Kq6DaU9BUU4OdoLDQvtMLpxdPgLzjUUcQCNcBGAsYHQ/s677/Harper%2527s%2Bcover%2Bfamine%2BPicasa.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="677" data-original-width="597" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-N2BAhJ_cK8w/X2ZLKBHoWDI/AAAAAAAADOk/Kq6DaU9BUU4OdoLDQvtMLpxdPgLzjUUcQCNcBGAsYHQ/s320/Harper%2527s%2Bcover%2Bfamine%2BPicasa.jpg" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><div style="text-align: center;">Nast, Thomas, Artist. <i>The Herald of relief from America / </i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>Th. Nast</i>. Ireland, 1880. Photograph</div></span><p class="MsoNormal">With this said, when you want to find where in Ireland your ancestors came from, you need another focus. You want to learn about movement
of people within Ireland rather than from Ireland. In other words, you are
looking for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_migration">internal migration</a>. A basic question comes to mind: What factors
caused people in Ireland to move to different parts of the country? The answer
is the same for all humans throughout history. People move to gain better
access to food and/or to escape war and violence.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">A key contributing factor to the difficulty the Irish
peasant faced in growing sufficient food over several centuries was the
practice of various English monarchs (before them the Anglo-Saxons) of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>making large land grants in Ireland, called
<a href="https://www.colaisteeanna.ie/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/History-Revision-The-Plantations.pdf ">plantations</a>, to favored followers. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LilHVV15kSs/X2ZWwVKiwUI/AAAAAAAADPQ/AtORDCPgm9IcGGFB9PbTmO8XTAsz6aXbQCNcBGAsYHQ/s357/330px-Flight_of_the_Earls.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="357" data-original-width="330" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LilHVV15kSs/X2ZWwVKiwUI/AAAAAAAADPQ/AtORDCPgm9IcGGFB9PbTmO8XTAsz6aXbQCNcBGAsYHQ/s320/330px-Flight_of_the_Earls.jpg" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Wikimedia
Commons contributors, "File:Flight of the Earls.jpg," </span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Wikimedia
Commons, the free media repository,</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> <br /></span><span color="windowtext" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: x-small; text-decoration-line: none;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flight_of_the_Earls.jpg&oldid=444543400" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: x-small;">title=File:Flight_of_the_Earls.jpg&oldid=444543400</a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> (accessed
September 19, 2020).</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">In some cases, the
government sought a policy of replacement/displacement where English farmers
were brought in (or “<a href="https://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/uk/ireland/irelandintro.html">planted</a>”) to help in “<a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/39394">Making Ireland British</a>.” These newcomers pushed out the native Irish who often had to move to less
fertile, more boggy land. In other cases and other times, the landowners
remained in England and hired landlords in Ireland and overseers to supervise
their Irish tenants. These middlemen, driven by a desire for high profits,
would regularly raise the rent so that poorer tenants were displaced by those
with more ability to pay.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Thus we see the causes of internal migration in Ireland, and
we can find eye-witness accounts to this movement in the travelogues of <a href="https://www.libraryireland.com/biography/ArthurYoung.php ">Arthur Young</a> who toured Ireland from 1776 to 1779. </p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DbNExjYgAv4/X2ZL-l1vt8I/AAAAAAAADOs/DJqQ9dUD8l48ykyWkTSKfDkB006bciz9wCNcBGAsYHQ/s441/Arthur_Young_%25281741-1820%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="441" data-original-width="330" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DbNExjYgAv4/X2ZL-l1vt8I/AAAAAAAADOs/DJqQ9dUD8l48ykyWkTSKfDkB006bciz9wCNcBGAsYHQ/s320/Arthur_Young_%25281741-1820%2529.jpg" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><div style="text-align: center;">Portrait of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Young_(writer)" title="w:Arthur Young (writer)"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration-line: none; text-underline: none;">Arthur Young</span></a> (1741-1820) British economist </div><div style="text-align: center;">and man of letters, by John Russell, 1794, </div><div style="text-align: center;">National Portrait Gallery, Wikimedia.org</div></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Young was interested in how people lived in the countryside, how
they made a living from the land. He noticed that the Irish tenant farmer had
no qualms about how much his labor was worth and would “vote with his feet”
when he believed that his landlord was not paying a proper or market rate:</p>
<p class="ocrpar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"></p><blockquote>“Whole families in that country will move from one place to another with freedom, fixing according to the demand for their labour, and the encouragement they receive to settle.”<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: super;">2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: super;"> </span></blockquote><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Now that we have outlined the reasons for the internal
migration in Ireland, we need to understand some patterns or geographic
directions of this movement in order for this information to help us see how
our ancestors may have moved through the country at different times over
centuries. I turned to a seminal work on Irish migration by Patrick Fitzgerald
and Brian Lambkin, <a href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9780230581920">Migration in Irish History, 1607-2007</a>. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6RPv5tO-UeI/X2Zhym4kBJI/AAAAAAAADQA/_OYve_jU8-IOHL4uMmrhq8lm3FajNejYACNcBGAsYHQ/s225/Migration%2Bin%2BIrish%2BHistory.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="225" data-original-width="225" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6RPv5tO-UeI/X2Zhym4kBJI/AAAAAAAADQA/_OYve_jU8-IOHL4uMmrhq8lm3FajNejYACNcBGAsYHQ/s0/Migration%2Bin%2BIrish%2BHistory.jpg" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Migration in Irish History, 1607-2007 by Patrick Fitzgerald,</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">goodreads.com, spring.com, google images</span></div></div><div><br /></div>Fitzgerald divides the period from 1607 to 2007 into fifty year chunks and for each he discusses what happened in each of the three types of migration: immigration, internal migration and emigration.
<p class="MsoNormal">For our purposes, we need just an idea of the general
direction of movement within the country or internal migration. One of the fundamental patterns of
internal migration is most countries, including Ireland, since the <a href="https://www.history.com/topics/industrial-revolution/industrial-revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> is people moving from rural areas to larger towns and cities. From
the early 1800s onward tenant farmers saw new opportunities in factories and in
the service sectors that grew up to meet the needs of the more prosperous urban
inhabitants.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mIVRt-Qwdxk/X2Zi1kB9IsI/AAAAAAAADQI/VxPnETQLrLEXgxkNWky_6EWuBdjakl3ngCNcBGAsYHQ/s537/factory%2BIreland%2BPicasa.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="537" data-original-width="505" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mIVRt-Qwdxk/X2Zi1kB9IsI/AAAAAAAADQI/VxPnETQLrLEXgxkNWky_6EWuBdjakl3ngCNcBGAsYHQ/s320/factory%2BIreland%2BPicasa.jpg" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">Underwood
& Underwood, P. (1903) <i>Modern Looms for fine texture hosiery<br /></i></span><i style="font-size: 8pt;"> in a
factory at Balbriggan, Ireland</i><span style="font-size: 8pt;">. Ireland, 1903. [Photograph]<br /></span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> Retrieved from
the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2020681993/.</span></div><p class="MsoNormal"> An important note for genealogists about this pull of the city is
that country migrants would mostly travel to the nearest town or city and would
usually remain in the same county. (end note: Fitzgerald p. 138 and 155.) How
will this knowledge affect my research in Ireland? To start with, let’s see
what I have accomplished so far.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Before I began thinking about the movement of people within
Ireland, I was concentrating all my efforts in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster">Ulster</a> and adjoinng counties for reasons that I
discussed in<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>my post of <a href="http://spearspat.blogspot.com/search?q=Tyrone+Bowes ">August 13, 2018</a>,
I noted how I used <a href="https://ggi2013.blogspot.com/2013/08/tyrone-bowes-pinpointing-your-irish.html ">Dr. Tyrone Bowes</a>’ surname distribution map, <a href="https://www.nli.ie/en/griffiths-valuation.aspx">Griffith’sValuation</a> and the <a href="http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/">1911 Irish Census</a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to place Carney and cohort families in the
Irish counties of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Leitrim">Leitrim </a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Fermanagh">Fermanagh</a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I was now ready to look more widely at Irish
counties.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I was scouring the internet for Irish genealogical sources
during the early days of the Coronavirus Pandemic, when I came across the
<a href="https://www.nationalarchives.ie/">National Archives of Ireland </a>(NAI.)</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-GKU4wTnZGUw/X2ZZte2nGcI/AAAAAAAADPc/mqbO_BX5vREnhMlLUwv5b5VMijjvUoKwgCNcBGAsYHQ/s1200/1200px-National_archives_ireland_%2528doyler79%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-GKU4wTnZGUw/X2ZZte2nGcI/AAAAAAAADPc/mqbO_BX5vREnhMlLUwv5b5VMijjvUoKwgCNcBGAsYHQ/s320/1200px-National_archives_ireland_%2528doyler79%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">CC BY 3.0, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?curid=23958509">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?curid=23958509</a>)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Because the building was closed to the public
due to the virus, the Archives was offering a special opportunity:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>researchers could send them an inquiry for
free (as of my checking on the site on September 11, 2020, the Archives is now
open on a limited basis.) I was so excited. This was a chance to canvas all the
counties of Ireland. I submitted a list of individuals that had immigrated from
Ireland and ended up in Chicago by the mid-1800s who were associated with my
great, great grandparents, John Carney/Kearney and Mary Duffy.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Some weeks later, I was excited to hear back from the NAI
with this information:</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vai9jmk7etI/X2ZcdwdTyqI/AAAAAAAADPo/H74MXyA_cwko4nVCc9wxdBfmOtl2mET_wCNcBGAsYHQ/s2048/Tubercurry%2Bmarriage.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1536" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vai9jmk7etI/X2ZcdwdTyqI/AAAAAAAADPo/H74MXyA_cwko4nVCc9wxdBfmOtl2mET_wCNcBGAsYHQ/s320/Tubercurry%2Bmarriage.jpg" /></a></div><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><div style="text-align: center;">Civil marriage record from <a href="http://www.rootsireland.ie/" target="_blank"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration-line: none; text-underline: none;">www.rootsireland.ie</span></a> , found by NAI, April 2020.</div></span><p class="MsoNormal">This one record contains so much new information. In addition to identifying a couple of the same names and
similar ages to my great great grandparents, the record presents a whole new county to research -- Sligo. I will take up the analysis of this new information in my next post. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9F-X5JKXhns/X2Ze4aNcdrI/AAAAAAAADP0/Bv8ZyTSiHHkcDhlZ7YX0SY6-llJrf9ZogCNcBGAsYHQ/s525/SligoBaronies1899map.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="525" data-original-width="525" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9F-X5JKXhns/X2Ze4aNcdrI/AAAAAAAADP0/Bv8ZyTSiHHkcDhlZ7YX0SY6-llJrf9ZogCNcBGAsYHQ/s320/SligoBaronies1899map.png" /></a></div><div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 7.5pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 7.5pt;">Map of the
Baronies of Ireland in 1846. <br /></span><span style="font-size: 7.5pt;">Source data: Ordnance Survey of Ireland: Baronies 2011 <br /></span><span style="font-size: 7.5pt;">(OSI), author: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:XrysD" title="User:XrysD">XrysD</a>,
21 July 2018.</span></div><p align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
</p><p class="MsoNormal">As tantalizing as it is to think this couple from Sligo are my ancestors, as every genealogist
knows, this could be just a coincidence. In the response to my inquiry, NAI staffer suggested that:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“We should not jump
to conclusions that this is definitely your ancestors but rather should seek to
prove or disprove this record.”</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">A second suggestion from the NAI was to look at US records.
Oh, how hard I have tried to find some! I will discuss what US sources I have
rigorously studied over the past twenty years in my next post as well.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In conclusion, Americans who study their Irish roots often
encounter source material focused on the Great Famine of 1845-1849 and its
effect on immigration to America. But if you wish to investigate where your
Irish ancestors came from in the centuries before and up to the Famine, you
need to focus on internal migration in Ireland over the centuries.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">1</span></sup><span style="font-size: xx-small;">https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/immigration/irish/irish-catholic-immigration-to-america/#:~:text=Between%201820%20and%201860%2C%20the,all%20immigrants%20to%20this%20nation.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><sup>2</sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">Young, Arthur, 1741-1820, John Parker Anderson, and Arthur Wollaston Hutton. Arthur Young's Tour In Ireland (1776-1779). London: G. Bell & Sons, 1892. Vol. 2, p. 119.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></o:p></p>Pat Spearshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12823338581399447865noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3692263915552749403.post-28824889560792943602019-07-12T17:44:00.001-04:002019-07-14T21:26:34.694-04:00Immigration to AmericaImmigration is a world-wide issue today, but it is not new. Throughout
human history, people have been migrating to other places. This movement of
people has always fascinated me. One particular migration of people has been of
most interest to me, and that is across the Atlantic to America that began long
before 1776 when this country was founded. As a descendant of a passenger on
the Mayflower on the paternal side and the granddaughter of a
Czechoslovakian-born naturalized citizen on the maternal side, I am the proud
and appreciative product of immigration. And I am not alone. Most Americans today are descendants of immigrants who withstood brutal conditions as they crossed the Atlantic.<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qzxiDZoORFM/XSZS43nbvfI/AAAAAAAAC9E/wqHUD7-9RBEwVXgWK4dh1tGByJ-npvq9gCLcBGAs/s1600/Immigrant%2Bship%2BPicasa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="446" data-original-width="640" height="278" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qzxiDZoORFM/XSZS43nbvfI/AAAAAAAAC9E/wqHUD7-9RBEwVXgWK4dh1tGByJ-npvq9gCLcBGAs/s400/Immigrant%2Bship%2BPicasa.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;">On board an
emigrant ship - </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;">the breakfast bell immigrants on ship deck, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1884, Library of
Congress Prints and </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;">USA, LC-USZ62-60319<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I believe America owes much to the millions of immigrants
who have come to this country. They have given their raw labor to build the
infrastructure that is the foundation of our nation: the canals, the railroads,
the roads. Although the jobs available to new arrivals have changed through the
decades and the centuries, the contributions of immigrants have always been
essential to the strength of America. Let’s take a look at what conditions
cause immigration. Why did Europeans, starting in the 1600s, emigrate to the
Americas? </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
From reading Marcus L. Hansen’s book <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="https://academic.oup.com/jah/article-abstract/27/3/449/720959?redirectedFrom=fulltext">The Atlantic Migration </a></i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and from ideas formed over years of
reading about immigration to America, I have reached several conclusions. The reasons for emigration were mainly economic (worsened by
population growth), but people also left their birth countries seeking to avoid
religious persecution and forced conscription. I discussed the “push” and
“pull” factors that influence the movement of people in my post of <a href="http://spearspat.blogspot.com/2014/04/writing-outstanding-family-story.html">April 19,2014</a>.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_ZEOqU4xuA4/XSjl2S2gTVI/AAAAAAAAC9k/O3BNe6ISv0s8wp04dEHJ5W9Vi7cJ7yxZwCLcBGAs/s1600/European%2Bwars%2B2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="860" height="333" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_ZEOqU4xuA4/XSjl2S2gTVI/AAAAAAAAC9k/O3BNe6ISv0s8wp04dEHJ5W9Vi7cJ7yxZwCLcBGAs/s400/European%2Bwars%2B2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“Descriptive
portraiture of Europe in storm and calm….,” </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Edward King, 1886, C.A. Nichols, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Springfield, MA, https://www.flickr.com/photos/</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;">internetarchivebookimages/14595849259/ <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The economic push factors first centered around agriculture.
For much of the time that humans have been on this earth, raising crops has
been the main way of survival. And anyone who has tried to grow a garden can
attest to the effect weather has on the harvest. For thousands of years, people
have been at the mercy of the elements as they try to grow enough food to pay
the landlord and feed their own families. Droughts, floods, insect
infestations, worn-out soil and other natural events have brought devastation
and starvation and driven people to seek new land.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It was not until the 18<sup>th</sup> century with the dawn
of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in England that the majority of the population would become less dependent on
farming for their livelihood. The Industrial Revolution caused a shift in the economic
paths people took to sustain their families. Although agriculture remained
paramount to the sustenance of most people, small cottagers benefited from
advances in transportation to increase markets for their hand crafts (spinning,
weaving, knitting) to supplement what they could raise on their small parcels
of land.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="482" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-seWTnF7PXp8/XSY7yhlrTVI/AAAAAAAAC8o/xBNUe78gmI8R7SqSzPZ7YZzcNejSeuajgCLcBGAs/s320/Woman%2Bspinning%2BPicasa.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="241" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Irish spinner
and spinning wheel.<br />
County Galway, Ireland,<br />
between 1890 and 1900,<br />
Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Washington, D.C. 20540
USA, <a href="http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration-line: none;">hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
Mechanization slowly developed and
factories began pulling people from their homes.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-EDs0UvWWrVA/XSZCX-BRMYI/AAAAAAAAC80/J-9q5U7PF6YUY8g9WrM_vUa8bp19QIA0gCLcBGAs/s1600/Factory%2BWeave%2BRoom%2BPicasa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="543" data-original-width="892" height="194" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-EDs0UvWWrVA/XSZCX-BRMYI/AAAAAAAAC80/J-9q5U7PF6YUY8g9WrM_vUa8bp19QIA0gCLcBGAs/s320/Factory%2BWeave%2BRoom%2BPicasa.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Walton, Perry, The Story of Textiles, 1912,<br />
J.S. Lawrence, Boston, MA, p. 166-A</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
The movement of poor peasants to factory work did not
relieve their poverty (due to low wages) and overcrowding in urban areas led to
the spread of disease. The health and life expectancy of the new factory
workers suffered from conditions brought about by mechanization, including
exposure in enclosed spaces to air full of toxins from textile production and
injuries from machines. As we have seen, poor economic conditions played a big
part in the urge for people to look for opportunities somewhere else.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
From the early 1600s through the early 1900s, the “New
World” (as it seemed to the Europeans) functioned as a safety valve for people
from Europe who were fleeing the situations caused by the events mentioned
above. Other things also <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/push-pull-factors-1434837">“pushed”</a> people to leave their birth countries. These include the intermittent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Europe">warring</a> between European countries that made daily living for people precarious: food
shortages, more taxes to pay for military activity, and forced conscription
were factors that encouraged emigration.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-p6WyUK8S_xY/XSjmqUWXJfI/AAAAAAAAC9s/aoITQL3QIzgg3C7fZCqhnyzY9qPQu3ObQCLcBGAs/s1600/European%2Bwars%2B1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1014" height="283" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-p6WyUK8S_xY/XSjmqUWXJfI/AAAAAAAAC9s/aoITQL3QIzgg3C7fZCqhnyzY9qPQu3ObQCLcBGAs/s400/European%2Bwars%2B1.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">“Descriptive
portraiture of Europe <br />
in storm and calm….,”<br />
Edward King, 1886, C.A. Nichols, <br />
Springfield, MA, https://www.flickr.com/photos/<br />
internetarchivebookimages/14595830779/</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
The lack of religious freedom was one other push factor that
led people to leave Europe and sail across the Atlantic to America. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This discussion of push and pull factors leads us to ponder how
emigration affects both the <a href="https://www.myattorneyhome.com/Glossary/sending-country">sending</a> (home) country and the receiving<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(destination) country.
The effects of immigration (economic, cultural, social) on America is right now
and historically has been the cause of heated debate and sometimes violent protests
all the way back to colonial times. In a post from <a href="http://spearspat.blogspot.com/2014/07/the-rise-of-irish-in-chicago.html">July 9, 2014</a>, I discussed the anti-immigrant movement symbolized by the <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/immigrants-conspiracies-and-secret-society-launched-american-nativism-180961915/">Know Nothing Party </a> which was born and became popular at a time of high immigration of poor, unskilled Catholics from Ireland.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>How American-born or
even many naturalized citizens feel about new immigrants often stems from fear
of the outsider: will our language/culture be lost, will our society be taken
over by foreigners, will our jobs be lost?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>What never seems to enter the equation are two factors. First, history
has shown that the children of immigrants nearly always embrace this country
with its language, culture and government as their own. Second, the immigrant
generation provides labor for jobs that many native Americans do not want. <br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-K5z6Sw3rH6I/XSj0pnfChdI/AAAAAAAAC98/g1qjVtNsYXwQ7ki9El6kj4BDij-QlpVtwCEwYBhgL/s1600/Know%2BNothings%2BPicasa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="498" data-original-width="445" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-K5z6Sw3rH6I/XSj0pnfChdI/AAAAAAAAC98/g1qjVtNsYXwQ7ki9El6kj4BDij-QlpVtwCEwYBhgL/s640/Know%2BNothings%2BPicasa.jpg" width="570" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Know-nothingism
in Brooklyn, 1881, Illus. in: Frank Leslie's illustrated newspaper,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> vol. 51
(1881 Jan. 15), p. 340, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Library of Congress Prints and Photographs </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Division
Washington, D.C. 20540 USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
America has been eager to accept immigrant labor for more than
three centuries, but many Americans have not been as willing to welcome them
into the fabric of our society. Joseph Connor wrote an excellent <a href="https://www.historynet.com/born-in-the-usa.htm">article</a> in "American History Magazine,"<sup>1</sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>chronicling American sentiment toward immigrants since our nation began. Connor
shows that the American people’s vacillating <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>relationship with immigration often coincides
with economic shifts in the economy. This view is corroborated by <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/2009859056_Eytan_Meyers">Eytan Meyers</a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in his study<sup>2 </sup>of immigration
policy, where he states that laws restricting immigration were passed during the
recession of 1882-1885 and again during the depression of 1891-1897.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Politicians and others have long tried to understand and sway public opinion. And one of the best ways to grab the public’s
attention is through images. With the advent of newspapers and magazines, would-be
movers and shapers of popular belief found a successful tool in the art of political
cartooning. The political cartoon also functions on the back end to capture the
prevailing mood of the citizenry, actually responding to the public’s attitude
to many things, including immigration, at different points in our history. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Joseph Connor included two political cartoons in his piece
that clearly show how public opinion on immigration parallels economic
downturns. One can ask several questions of these cartoons. Do they convey just
the opinions of the artist? Does the artist attempt to capture the widespread
feelings/fears/beliefs of the day? Is the artist conveying the opinions of one
political party or another? Is the artist simply portraying the feeling of the
publication paid for his/her work?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The title of the first cartoon, “Columbia's Unwelcome Guests”
gives us a big clue as to the sentiment behind the drawing. <a href="http://john-adcock.blogspot.com/2009/03/interview-with-frank-beard-1895.html">Frank Beard</a> was the illustrator, and the cartoon was
published in 1885 by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge_(magazine)"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Judge</i> Magazine</a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>at the tail end of a four year recession.
In the drawing, Mr. Beard depicts multitudes of immigrants from the sewers of
Germany, Russia, and Italy pouring across the Atlantic and breaching our
shores. As you can see from the labels he places on the newcomers, (Socialists,
Communists, Anarchists, Dynamiters) Beard shows them threatening the law and
order of America. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-v2uju6DfPn8/XSj9MSzVtLI/AAAAAAAAC-E/zNxfNwN6nxYcyy89JkmntkscvGDiLN_SwCLcBGAs/s1600/Columbia%2527s%2BUnwanted2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="315" data-original-width="500" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-v2uju6DfPn8/XSj9MSzVtLI/AAAAAAAAC-E/zNxfNwN6nxYcyy89JkmntkscvGDiLN_SwCLcBGAs/s1600/Columbia%2527s%2BUnwanted2.JPG" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;">'Columbia's
Unwelcome Guests.' American cartoon by Frank Beard, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1885, showing unrestricted
U.S. immigration policies</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> encouraging the arrival of anarchists, socialists, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;">and the Mafia from the sewers of Italy, Russia, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;">and Germany; used by permission
under </span><span style="background: white; color: #424242; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2019 </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.granger.com/"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration-line: none;">The Granger
Collection LTD d/b/a</span></a> Granger Academic.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The title of the second cartoon, “Where the Blame Lies” by
<a href="http://www.askart.com/artist/Grant_E_Hamilton/114788/Grant_E_Hamilton.aspx">Grant T. Hamilton</a> is a not-so-subtle condemnation of immigrants also. It was published in 1891,
(the beginning of a seven-year depression) in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Judge</i> Magazine. Hamilton goes a bit further in his name-calling as
he links political movements, crime and poverty to certain nationalities: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">German</i> Socialist, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Russian </i>Anarchist, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Italian</i>
Vagabond, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">English</i> Convict, and<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Irish</i> Pauper. Perhaps the saddest part
of the cartoon is the Statue of Liberty is pictured in the background.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-NSfbvvs5Myk/XSj-mLkRgNI/AAAAAAAAC-Q/z3CLgvuc8G0upwwcRHvR5KlK0wl-ZMZRgCLcBGAs/s1600/Where%2BBlame%2BLies1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="518" data-original-width="640" height="323" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-NSfbvvs5Myk/XSj-mLkRgNI/AAAAAAAAC-Q/z3CLgvuc8G0upwwcRHvR5KlK0wl-ZMZRgCLcBGAs/s400/Where%2BBlame%2BLies1.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hamilton,
Grant E., Artist. Where the blame lies / Hamilton. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Castle Clinton New York
United States, 1891. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;">New York: Sackett & Wilhelms Litho. Co., </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;">April 4.
Photograph. https://www.loc.gov/item/97515495/.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
In conclusion, humans have been on the move for centuries.
Many reasons spur this movement, and we have mentioned some of the major ones
in this post in our discussion of immigration to this country. Throughout its
history, America has been the beneficiary of the labor and the many other
contributions that newcomers bring. Let us never forget this.</div>
<br />Pat Spearshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12823338581399447865noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3692263915552749403.post-55894512116851566592018-12-19T20:42:00.000-05:002018-12-19T20:42:50.674-05:00Chicago Settlers: The Europeans, Métis and Americans <br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Two barriers to settlement of the near empty, muddy, swampy site
called Chicago were removed between 1825 and 1833. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This removal caused a trickle of settlers to
turn into an unstoppable torrent of humanity within a decade. The development
of Chicago would mirror what had already happened on the east coast after. People
came from Europe and settled the first area they found on the Atlantic coast, children
were born and grew up. Then they looked for land. Go west, became the
watchword. But mountains, swamps, and the indigenous peoples who already
occupied the land were challenges to the westward movement. <br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ON-DWK4g_xA/XBrS1fMS8xI/AAAAAAAACuY/ZYVM5U2kQWsGM7AynnftFSWaKMo6n95WgCLcBGAs/s1600/Chicago%2Bpicture%2B1820%2Bfur%2Btraders.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="862" height="307" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ON-DWK4g_xA/XBrS1fMS8xI/AAAAAAAACuY/ZYVM5U2kQWsGM7AynnftFSWaKMo6n95WgCLcBGAs/s400/Chicago%2Bpicture%2B1820%2Bfur%2Btraders.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">By Chicago Lithographing Company, United
States Library of </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Congress's Prints and Photographs division, </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">digital ID
pga.03605. 1867, Public Domain, </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=44965951)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Two factors made it difficult for Americans east of Chicago
to make the trip. First, the Indian population showed their objections to white
settlers moving into their land by frequent raids. Second, no direct land or
water route to Chicago existed. But these impediments were not to stand.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
First, the US government made a two-pronged policy to
discourage the Indian population from remaining in the area: soldiers were sent
to raid the villages and treaties were made with promises of land west of the
Mississippi. By the early 1830s, most of the <a href="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Potawatomi">Potowatami </a>people were <a href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/commentary/ct-potawatomi-tribe-chicago-history-flash-perspec-0828-md-20160825-story.html">forced out</a>. With the <a href="https://nativeamericannetroots.net/diary/1566">IndianRemoval Act</a> of 1833, one barrier to new settlement of the Chicago area was now gone.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The next barrier to fall was the geographic difficulties
facing those who wanted to settle in the area. Americans coming from New
England, New York and New Jersey had no roads to travel overland to Chicago.
They had to rely on water transportation, but there was not a direct unbroken
route. Finally in 1825, the <a href="http://www.highpointhistoryseries.com/2014/01/13/the-canal-that-built-america/">Erie Canal</a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>made it possible for travelers to come by boat from the East Coast to Chicago
via the Great Lakes. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This new route to
Chicago brought in many settlers although an additional canal and other
improvements would be necessary to really open up the way. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As we noted in a previous post of <a href="http://spearspat.blogspot.com/2017/02/a-thirst-for-early-chicago-history.html">February 16, 2017</a>, Chicago in the 1820s to mid-1830s <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>was composed of
just a few buildings, surrounded by nearly impassable, muddy swamp for much of
the year. As you can see from the drawing below, by 1830 Chicago had not grown much in a decade:<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-zMAvkMP2pHI/XBruMZtEyPI/AAAAAAAACvQ/7F9PHj62m4ImcgdSlRtDoM_nHg-c8BQ9gCLcBGAs/s1600/Chicago%2Bpainting%2B1833.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="545" data-original-width="966" height="225" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-zMAvkMP2pHI/XBruMZtEyPI/AAAAAAAACvQ/7F9PHj62m4ImcgdSlRtDoM_nHg-c8BQ9gCLcBGAs/s400/Chicago%2Bpainting%2B1833.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">Chicago 1830, Population 96, Chicago
in Early Days 1779 – 1857”, 1893</span>, </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
Kruz and Allison [Public domain], via
Wikimedia Commons.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Before the mid-1830s, the inhabitants of the village of Chicago were mainly French and English men, engaged
in the many aspects of the fur trade (many of the traders were of mixed
ethnicity, after decades of i<a href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=JBAp4KhDrdUC&oi=fnd&pg=PP14&dq=metis+and+fur+trade&ots=aOwSc63USQ&sig=v8nGmoHCBuKZiQcpmXaGrmJ2YPk#v=onepage&q=metis%20and%20fur%20trade&f=false">ntermarriage</a> by Europeans, mainly French, with Native
Americans, who were called <a href="http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/818.html">M<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">é</span>tis</a>.)
from the French “mixed blood”:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
“The term Métis (MAY tee) refers to people of mixed
ancestry, usually Native American and European. Historically, Métis people were
important to Chicago and the Great Lakes region
during the fur trade era,
especially during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Fur traders
from Europe, Canada, and the Atlantic colonies and states frequently married
Native American women living in the communities with which they traded.”<sup>1</sup></blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<sup><br /></sup></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Just how many Metis lived in the Chicago village in 1826? We
can infer the number of heads of households and the ethnic composition of the
village in 1826 from the 35 names on the poll list <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of the first official election (for Governor and Congressman) held there on August 7, 1826 <span style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span></span>:<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-GqaS7Q-kYe4/XBrWAVsyvxI/AAAAAAAACus/pkmkBoyR1oAtO9ko_rG9ZSezVxWwdzc1gCLcBGAs/s1600/Poll%2BList%2B1826%2BChicago.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="522" data-original-width="780" height="267" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-GqaS7Q-kYe4/XBrWAVsyvxI/AAAAAAAACus/pkmkBoyR1oAtO9ko_rG9ZSezVxWwdzc1gCLcBGAs/s400/Poll%2BList%2B1826%2BChicago.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
“Of the thirty-five names on the poll-list, twenty-one were
French.”<sup>3</sup> p.32</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
More evidence of the French/Metis presence comes from a
petition requesting a priest that the early Catholic Chicagoans sent to the
Archdiocese in St. Louis, MO in 1833:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">“The
following signed the petition, the figure after each individual's
name indicating the number of persons in his family: Thomas J. V. Owen, 10; J.
B. Beaubien, 14; Joseph Laf ramboise, 7; Jean Pothier, 5; Alexander Robinson,
8; Pierre Leclerc, 3; Alexis Laf ramboise, 4; Claude Laf ramboise, 4; Jacques
Chassut, 5; Antoine Ouilmet; Leon Bourassa, 3; Charles Taylor, 2; J. Bt.
Miranda and sisters, 3; Louis Chevalier and family, 3; Patrick Walsh, 2; John Mann,
4; B. Caldwell, 1; Dill Saver, 1; Mark Beaubien, 12; Dill Vaughn, 1; James
Vaughn, 1; J. Bt. Kabbie, 1; J. Bt. Poulx; J. B. Tabeaux, 1; J. Bt. Durocher,
1; J. Bt. Brodeur, 1; Mathias Smith, 1; Antoine St. Ours, 1; Bazille Desplat,
1; Charles Monselle, 1; John Hondorf, 1; Dexter Apgood, 1; Nelson Peter Perry,
1; John S. C. Hogan, 1; Anson H. Taylor, 1; Louis Francheres, 1; a total of
122.</span></span><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">4</span></sup><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></blockquote>
But the dominance of the French and Metis in early Chicago
and the great fur trading empire was on the decline by the early 1830s:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
“Numerous biracial fur trade families, including Métis,
Indian, and Euro-American members, were among the first families of Chicago.
Between the 1790s and 1812, Billy Caldwell, Alexander Robinson, and members of
the Beaubien, Ouilmette, Chevalier, Bourassa, Mirandeau, and LaFramboise
families established Chicago as a fur trade center along with the Anglo Kinzie
family and the African American Jean Baptiste Point DuSable. After the War of 1812,
however, English-speaking settlers from the eastern United States began to
migrate into northern Illinois, and by the 1830s this stream of migration
increased to the point where the old French-speaking Métis and other Creole
residents became a minority in their own town.”<sup>5</sup></blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
And what caused this change in the Chicago economy from
reliance on the fur trade? <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>emergence of farming and the concurrent deluge
of new settlers from the Atlantic states (New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
Maryland and Virginia) combined with a multitude of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>entrepreneurs eager to take advantage of
Chicago’s geographic advantages brought a new vitality and money to Chicago.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Change was in the air
in the village of Chicago. A land grab of huge proportions was just beginning. Enterprising
persons with a view to the future saw the possibilities of the geographic
position of Chicago both as a trading hub and a gateway to the west. There was
money to be made! Speculators began buying up lots. Joining the fur traders and
those who furnished them with lodging, liquor and supplies, surveyors, lawyers
and speculators arrived to assist in mapping and selling land to eager buyers. More
grocery stores opened and new clothing and building materials stores sprang up
to serve the growing population. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
Evidence of the increase in population is seen in the
first Chicago Census:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
“The first census of Chicago was reported in the
“<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Democrat">Democrat</a>” of November 25, 1835, showing 3,265
persons, 398 dwellings, 4 warehouses, 29 dry-goods stores, 19 grocery and
provision stores, 5 hardware stores, 3 drug stores, 19 taverns, 26 groceries
(probably liquor stores) and 17 lawyer's offices.” <sup>6<o:p></o:p></sup></blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As stated above, the increase in population correlated
with a change in the ethnicity of the people of Chicago. Let’s look at some
records to chart the changes in the ethnic make-up of this area from the 1820s
to the 1830s.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The <a href="http://www.genealogytrails.com/ill/cook/polllist.html">poll record</a> of 1835 compared to the 1826 poll list shows a sharp movement from the few old M<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">é</span>tis families to many, many
American-headed households:<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-q1Jh35OcFJU/XBrceqmKsTI/AAAAAAAACvE/-2VTYG3806gAzAJeKbe1EzEWZR79ax8jACLcBGAs/s1600/1835%2BPoll%2BList.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="604" data-original-width="397" height="640" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-q1Jh35OcFJU/XBrceqmKsTI/AAAAAAAACvE/-2VTYG3806gAzAJeKbe1EzEWZR79ax8jACLcBGAs/s640/1835%2BPoll%2BList.JPG" width="419" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In conclusion, we see that Chicago underwent a huge increase
in population from the mid-1820s to the mid-1830s. Along with this increase, we
also see a change in the ethnic make-up of the people in the growing town. The
era of the French and M<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">é</span>tis
fur traders was fast ending to be succeeded by Yankee businessmen and farmers
with their families. What happened to the fur traders:</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
“A majority of those having French names (on the August 7, 1826 poll list) were employees of the American Fur Company, or hunted and traded for themselves. When Chicago was abandoned as a fur trading post, they went further into the frontier country, like Archibald Caldwell.”7 p. 16 </blockquote>
<span style="font-size: 9pt;">Notes</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<sup><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1</span></sup><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> M</span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">é</span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">tis, The Electronic Encyclopedia of
Chicago, Chicago Historical Society, The Newberry Library, < <a href="http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/818.html">http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/818.html</a>>,
downloaded 12 Dec 2018.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<sup><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2</span></sup><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Fremont O. Bennett, compiled, <i>Politics and Politicians of
Chicago: Cook County, and Illinois. Memorial Volume, 1787-1887. A Complete
Record of Municipal, County, State and National Politics from the Earliest
Period to the Present Time. And an Account of the Haymarket Massacre of May 4,
1886, and the Anarchist Trials</i>, (Chicago, IL, The Blakely Printing Company,
1886), p. 14. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<sup><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3</span></sup><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bessie Louise Pierce, A <i>History of Chicago The beginning of a City
1673-1848, Vol 1</i>, (Chicago, IL, The University of Chicago Press, 1937), p.
32.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<sup><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4</span></sup><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Joseph Garraghan Gilbert, <i>The Catholic Church in Chicago,
1673-1871: An Historical Sketch</i>, (Chicago, IL, Loyola University
Press, 1921), pgs. 45-46.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<sup><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5 </span></sup><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">M</span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">é</span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">tis, online<sup> <</sup><a href="http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/818.html"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/818.html</span></a>>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<sup><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">6</span></sup><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Joseph Kirkland, <i>The Story of Chicago, Vol. 1</i>, (Chicago, IL, Dibble Publishing
Company, 1892), p. 152.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<sup><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">7</span></sup><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"> Bennett, <i>Politics and Politicians of Chicago: Cook County, and Illinois.
Memorial Volume, 1787-1887. A Complete Record of Municipal, County, State and
National Politics from the</i></span><i> </i><i><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Earliest Period to the Present Time. And an Account of the Haymarket
Massacre of May 4, 1886, and the Anarchist Trials</span></i><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">, p. 16.</span>Pat Spearshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12823338581399447865noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3692263915552749403.post-31164448310952135872018-11-06T17:42:00.000-05:002018-11-06T18:17:50.218-05:00The First Peoples of ChicagoTo get an idea of how Chicago began, we need to understand
the settlement of the North American continent and how the area we know
as our great city fits into this history.<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The earliest peoples who came to the American continent
arrived and lived here long before the first Europeans came in the early 16<sup>th</sup>
century. In fact, according to <a href="https://simonworrallauthor.com/">Simon Worrall</a> in
an <a href="https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/06/when-and-how-did-the-first-americans-arrive--its-complicated-/?user.testname=none">article</a> for the National Geographic:</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
“Right now we can solidly say that people were across the
Americas by 15,000 years ago. But that means people were probably already well
in place by then; and there’s enough evidence to suggest humans were widespread
20,000 years ago.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> <o:p></o:p></i></blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
To clearly see how populated this area of the future America was, please see the map below showing where the numerous tribes lived:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-lCEMJ2-b9BA/W-IE3LU2YCI/AAAAAAAACsI/hKwR0848bQsAi2hy9JC0_Bl0FTVlgeC8ACLcBGAs/s1600/Indian%2BTerritory%2Bbefore%2Bcolonization.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="766" data-original-width="805" height="380" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-lCEMJ2-b9BA/W-IE3LU2YCI/AAAAAAAACsI/hKwR0848bQsAi2hy9JC0_Bl0FTVlgeC8ACLcBGAs/s400/Indian%2BTerritory%2Bbefore%2Bcolonization.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Gallatin, Albert, and American Antiquarian Society.<br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i style="text-align: start;">Map of the Indian tribes of North America, <br />aboutA.D. along the Atlantic, & about 1800 A.D. <br />westwardly</i><span style="text-align: start;">. [Washington, D.C.: The Society, 1836], <br />The Library of Congress, <www.loc.gov/item/2002622260/>.</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
About 7,000 years ago, these early inhabitants of America
were the first to discover and make use of the place we now call Chicago (at
the heart of the portage system created by the proximity of the Des Plaines
River, Mud Lake, the Chicago River and Lake Michigan):</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“…this system of trails and waterways was first utilized by
prehistoric man. Over 7000 years ago southern Indians met with those from the
north to trade for copper, and later by Indians traversing the Midwest in
hunting, trapping, trading and war parties.” <sup><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1</span></sup></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-RxPUYcYocw0/W-IG8rqoAoI/AAAAAAAACsU/khQyZy29RmIWTAX1GHu_jh9AtJ2Nsy_hQCLcBGAs/s1600/Map_of_Chicago_Portage%2Bsmall1JPG.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1179" data-original-width="990" height="640" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-RxPUYcYocw0/W-IG8rqoAoI/AAAAAAAACsU/khQyZy29RmIWTAX1GHu_jh9AtJ2Nsy_hQCLcBGAs/s640/Map_of_Chicago_Portage%2Bsmall1JPG.JPG" width="536" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Map of the Chicago Portage, showing Mud Lake, photograph<br />
of a sign at Chicago Portage National Historic Site, 25 March 2012,<br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:U52983&action=edit&redlink=1" style="text-align: start;" title="User:U52983 (page does not exist)"><span style="text-decoration-line: none;">Roger Deschner</span></a><span style="text-align: start;">,</span></span><span style="font-size: small; text-align: start;"> </span>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/<br />
Map_of_Chicago_Portage.JPG <span style="font-size: small; text-align: start;"> </span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
As noted above, the indigenous peoples were in the Chicago
area using the portage as part of an extensive trading system in about <a href="https://keisan.casio.com/exec/system/1247118517">5,400BC</a>, long before and Europeans were aware of this continent. The French arrived in the
“New World” in the early sixteenth century. In my post of June 17, 2017, I wrote
about the fur trade in North America and how it influenced Chicago. In this post, I mentioned the French practice of intermarrying with the Native
American population. This practice had a great influence on the population of
early nineteenth century Chicago.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The English came to North America early in the seventeenth
century and soon established a fur trading empire on the Atlantic Coast of what
is now Canada. The French fur trade operated in the interior of Canada and down
to the Great Lakes and even areas south. But it wasn’t long before tensions
between the two countries in Europe over land erupted in North America; both
countries wanted its riches and to claim to it as their own. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
To get a clearer idea of which areas of the North
American continent were controlled by the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>French and which the English, the map below shows each area of influence
in the early 18<sup>th</sup> century:<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-wItdT6klMRY/W-IH4GmG6qI/AAAAAAAACsc/bZc7CJoMGXgwX-WR4tGiBQV8_nLHoWAzgCLcBGAs/s1600/French%2BEnglish%2BN%2BAmer%2Bterritories.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="726" data-original-width="1020" height="283" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-wItdT6klMRY/W-IH4GmG6qI/AAAAAAAACsc/bZc7CJoMGXgwX-WR4tGiBQV8_nLHoWAzgCLcBGAs/s400/French%2BEnglish%2BN%2BAmer%2Bterritories.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">By Pinpin [GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html)<br /> or CC BY-SA 3.0<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="text-align: start;">(https://creativecommons.org/<br />licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Both colonial powers began <a href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1750-1775/incidents">building forts</a> to “protect” their
areas of interest in the upper Ohio River valley,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>claimed by both countries in the early to mid 1700s.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Isolated skirmishes broke
out and a <a href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1750-1775/french-indian-war">full-fledged war</a> began in 1754 which ended in an English victory. From that time on, the French influence in the
North American fur trade diminished.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
However, the French practice of <a href="https://www.uwgb.edu/wisfrench/library/articles/metis.htm">intermarriage</a> with their
native trading partner communities produced a major impact on subsequent generations in this area of the US and
Canada, including the Illinois territory. The children of these unions were
some of the earliest settlers of Chicago as we will see in our next post. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
So now we come to the early eighteenth century in the Chicago area. What has happened to the fur trade since the English defeated the French in 1754? “<a href="http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/427.html">English</a> and <a href="http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1126.html">Scottish</a> merchants, now settled in Montreal, took over control of the fur trade and allied themselves with the remaining French traders.”<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: super;">2</span> But the new country of America wanted to extend its territory and get
in on the lucrative fur trade. Many far sighted American leaders recognized the
potential of the Chicago portage. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
At
this time there was no actual community in the territory of Chicago. But this
was about to change as the nineteenth century dawned. The US government established the first permanent
settlement, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Dearborn">Fort Dearborn</a>, in 1803 as a foothold in this area.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-eUaYnUsCqdE/W-IIauMJCtI/AAAAAAAACso/EJ3dXFlpgdI7Vk7k3qazCjgl90YD-6miwCLcBGAs/s1600/Birds_eye_view_of_first_Fort_Dearborn.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="889" height="263" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-eUaYnUsCqdE/W-IIauMJCtI/AAAAAAAACso/EJ3dXFlpgdI7Vk7k3qazCjgl90YD-6miwCLcBGAs/s400/Birds_eye_view_of_first_Fort_Dearborn.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">By J Seymour
Currey - The Story of Old Fort Dearborn</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> p. 27 ([1]) after a drawing of a model
by Albert L. Van den Berghenin</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 1898 that appeared in the Chicago Daily Tribune</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">on March 5, 1899. Public Domain,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=14934632<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
With the building of this fort, US
soldiers were the first Americans to occupy the area. But by 1804 the soldiers
had company,<span style="font-size: 16.6667px;"> </span>“A Scots-Irish fur trader from
Quebec, <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration-line: none;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kinzie">John Kinzie</a></span>,
arrived in Chicago in 1804, and rapidly became the civilian leader of the small
settlement that grew around the fort."<sup>1</sup></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Another reason for the building of Fort Dearborn was the presence
of the Native Americans, mainly members of the <a href="http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1001.html">Potowatami</a> tribe. The American attitude toward the land on this continent was
that all of it was open to settlement without regard to any earlier inhabitants. In these early days of the seventeenth
century, the number of settlers was small due to the difficult swampy and muddy
terrain around Chicago which made it almost inaccessible much of the year. But
advances in transportation, including planned canals, promised to open the
flood gates to more American pioneers. The US government was looking ahead and
this posed problems for the original peoples who had long occupied this land.
Before long, tensions erupted and skirmishes broke out that culminated in 1812
with the Potowatamis burning <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Dearborn">Fort Dearborn</a>. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This attack was the beginning of the end for the tribes living in this area.
President Andrew Jackson signed the <a href="http://.earlychicago.com/encyclopedia.php?letter=I">Indian Removal Act </a>in 1830 which legalized the driving of Indians to reservations west of the Mississippi. A steady stream of settlers would soon be coming to start building a village out of the mud.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-kY5Dr_VAAUY/W-INhj7gddI/AAAAAAAACs0/DzFOxDjWkBI-nXNMTUuLN2V4ivqLkPLwACLcBGAs/s1600/Chicago_in_1832_by_Blanchard.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1359" data-original-width="1600" height="337" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-kY5Dr_VAAUY/W-INhj7gddI/AAAAAAAACs0/DzFOxDjWkBI-nXNMTUuLN2V4ivqLkPLwACLcBGAs/s400/Chicago_in_1832_by_Blanchard.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">By Rufus Blanchard, from drawing <br />
by George Davis http://publications.newberry.org/<br />
frontiertoheartland/items/show/155, Public Domain,<br />
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=50827303</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
This time in American history, the 1820s and 1830s is when
the Chicago area started its journey to become a magnet to entrepreneurs who
were drawn to the promise of this village with its geographic position as a
transportation hub that made it the center of the Midwest economy for many
years. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We will cover this period in the
next post – “The Early Europeans and Americans who Settled the Chicago Area.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Notes</div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16px;">1 </span> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">The Chicago Portage and Laughton Trading Post Area, "The Waterway West", June 1975, online, http://drupal.library.cmu.edu/chicago/node/132</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 8.9pt; mso-outline-level: 2; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: super;">2</span> <span style="font-size: 9pt;">Encyclopedia
of Chicago, “Fur Trade,” online, </span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/492.html" style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/492.html</span></a><span style="font-size: 9pt;"> </span></div>
Pat Spearshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12823338581399447865noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3692263915552749403.post-33859924750170939372018-08-13T17:37:00.001-04:002018-08-13T17:40:14.642-04:00Locating an Ancestral Homeland in IrelandIn an early Chicago history from 1912, <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=thomDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA410&dq=Chicago:+its+history+and+its+builders,+a+century+of+marvelous+growth,+Currey,+J.+Seymour+(Josiah+Seymour),&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj-ycOCs-jcAhUFXqwKHfTIDHkQ6AEIUTAI#v=onepage&q=Chicago%3A%20its%20history%20and%20its%20builders%2C%20a%20century%20of%20marvelous%20growth%2C%20Currey%2C%20J.%20Seymour%20(Josiah%20Seymour)%2C&f=false">Josiah Seymour Currey</a> mentions James Carney as one of the earliest Irish settlers in the muddy, swampy area that was to become Chicago. He joined with other intrepid and enterprising people (including Native Americans, French Canadians, the offspring of the unions between French and Native Americans, and Americans from other established cities and towns) to build a village that would become a great metropolis in a few decades.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-lccvACoX9xY/W3EA9NW6doI/AAAAAAAAClQ/zKVu8_IUu-Uamv4G-c1uSCaVDZOAal_UgCLcBGAs/s1600/Chicago%2B1831%2BMrs%2BKinzie.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="794" data-original-width="1474" height="172" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-lccvACoX9xY/W3EA9NW6doI/AAAAAAAAClQ/zKVu8_IUu-Uamv4G-c1uSCaVDZOAal_UgCLcBGAs/s320/Chicago%2B1831%2BMrs%2BKinzie.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fort Dearborn & Chicago in 1831.jpg, <br />
probably engraved from a sketch by Juliette Kinzie, wikimedia</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></div>
James Carney is listed in the Robert Fergus’ <a href="http://gildedage.lib.niu.edu/islandora/object/niu-lincoln%3A34907">Chicago Directory, 1830 </a> as having a “grocery and provision store, 133 Lake Street.” p. 9 A Patrick Timoney is listed as a laborer, boarding with James Carney. p. 33.<br />
<div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
As mentioned in a <a href="http://spearspat.blogspot.com/2017/06/chicagos-earliest-industry-fur-trade.html)">previous post</a>, this James Carney was a merchant, grocer, and finally a brewer in the
1830s-1850s in Chicago. He belonged to a stellar group of early businessmen who
laid the economic foundations for the young city. But who was this Irish
Chicagoan? Where did he come from in <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Ireland">Ireland</a>? Or did he come from <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>? On the map below, Northern Ireland is at the top right and the rest of the country is Ireland.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-LOGmmScbRCE/W3D47msaQjI/AAAAAAAACks/hATpRPZyonkaOyQjehUGzffcR6sBQalxgCLcBGAs/s1600/Ire%2Band%2BN%2BIre%2Bmap.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="793" data-original-width="628" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-LOGmmScbRCE/W3D47msaQjI/AAAAAAAACks/hATpRPZyonkaOyQjehUGzffcR6sBQalxgCLcBGAs/s320/Ire%2Band%2BN%2BIre%2Bmap.JPG" width="253" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/<br />
commons/archive/d/d7/20070313214912%21Ireland.svg</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Where did he learn the trading, marketing, operating, brewing
skills that brought him such success in Chicago? With whom did he associate in
Chicago? This became my challenge – learning as much as I could about James’
life in Chicago from available records and maybe getting some clues as to where
in Ireland James Carney was born and lived until his emigration to America. In
a later post I will explore possible connections between James and John Carney,
my great great grandfather.</div>
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<br /></div>
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If you have done any research on your Irish American
ancestors, you have probably faced this obstacle: a minimal number of records
both here and across the Atlantic. If you’re lucky, you might have a family
bible, oral histories, photos, or maybe an heirloom or two. In my case I had
none of the above about James Carney. Despite the scarcity of official records,
the fact that James participated in local politics and joined in some social
groups earned him a mention or two in some local histories of Chicago. Let’s
start there.</div>
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<br /></div>
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James Carney was an early Irish immigrant and successful
merchant who recognized that participation in local politics could be an entry
into acceptance as an “American.” In 1840 he ran for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_City_Council">alderman </a>of Chicago’s second ward and was elected as
noted on p. 102 in M.L. Ahern’s <i><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qxkVAAAAYAAJ&dq=James+Carney+Alderman+Chicago&q=James+Carney#v=snippet&q=James%20Carney&f=false">Political<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> History of Chicago: 1837-1887</span>.</a></i></div>
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<br />
In addition to his work as a businessman and his political
service, James also showed a passion for the independence of his birth country.
In the <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yLZHAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false">1844 Chicago City Directory</a>,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>reprinted in 1902 by Ellis and Fergus, he
is listed as the treasurer for The Chicago Repeal Association. This group’s
mission, as was of the original group in Ireland, was to advocate for the
repeal of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800">1800 Acts of Union</a> that
joined England and Ireland into United Kingdom of Great Britain. </div>
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James was also active in the intellectual life of his
Catholic parish of <a href="http://oldstmarys.com/history/">Old St. Mary’s</a>. The photo below is the third structure of the church which was built on Madison and Wabash in 1842.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-BG633dYIsw8/W3D7ZdK1OgI/AAAAAAAACk4/aA6UEClU0nY3MtcDAALQifNzQOzX4HHAgCLcBGAs/s1600/Old%2BSt.%2BMary%2527s%2B1844.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="594" data-original-width="685" height="277" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-BG633dYIsw8/W3D7ZdK1OgI/AAAAAAAACk4/aA6UEClU0nY3MtcDAALQifNzQOzX4HHAgCLcBGAs/s320/Old%2BSt.%2BMary%2527s%2B1844.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">St. Mary's Cathedral of Chicago, from Robert N.<br />
Dennis collection of stereoscopic views.jpg; <br />
NY Public Library, digital ID G90F170_001F</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
The 1844 City Directory lists him as the
treasurer of the Catholic Library Society (p. 68) I could find no information
about this society after a google search and an inquiry to the <a href="https://archives.archchicago.org/">Archdiocese ofChicago</a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But the name of the society, the fact
that it met in the basement of Old St. Mary’s Church, and the time of its
existence (1840s) provide some clues. At this time in Chicago’s early history,
public libraries were non-existent. It wasn’t until after the <a href="https://www.history.com/topics/great-chicago-fire">Great Fire of1871</a> that a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Public_Library">public library system</a> was created. Religious, civic-minded businessmen with
an interest in both local, national and world affairs would require a comfortable
and private place to read/discuss both Catholic and secular newspapers,
magazines, and books. </div>
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We now have some knowledge of James Carney’s business,
civic, and social footprint in early Chicago, but where did he come from in
Ireland? To begin to answer this question, we need to re-visit that research
technique called “cluster genealogy” that I discussed in my <a href="http://spearspat.blogspot.com/2011/09/get-more-bang-for-your-genealogical.html">blog post </a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Immigrants
to America tended to travel from the old country in groups of people known to each other. This historical phenomenon is known as <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BFYXRgHOzgUC&pg=PA77&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=4#v=onepage&q&f=false">"network migration." </a> (p. 83-84.) Once in America, they lived near the same people and others from their country of origin. Since
we don’t know where James Carney lived in Ireland, maybe we can find out some
answers from the people he lived with, worked with, and worshiped with. Who
were James Carney’s associates? </div>
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The 1850 Chicago, Cook, IL federal census
provides a detailed look at James Carney’s household; we see who worked for him
in the brewery and lived in his household: Patrick Timoney, Daniel McElroy,
John O’Neill and Mary McGillen. But how long had these families been in
community? Let's start with US records.</div>
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The earliest documents in Chicago of James Carney and allied
families are in the <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IZcOAQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false">marriage records </a>from Old St. Mary’s Catholic Church in its second structure at Michigan and Madison.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-3yercKPdG2Y/W3D9E86qLHI/AAAAAAAAClE/mVBqR-hRe7ASscf7PRvyUv4Uu7zKN86gACLcBGAs/s1600/Old%2BSt.%2BMary%2527s.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1029" data-original-width="1600" height="205" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-3yercKPdG2Y/W3D9E86qLHI/AAAAAAAAClE/mVBqR-hRe7ASscf7PRvyUv4Uu7zKN86gACLcBGAs/s320/Old%2BSt.%2BMary%2527s.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Chicago History Museum, ICHi-37096.<br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "georgia" , "utopia" , "palatino linotype" , "palatino" , serif; font-size: 12.32px;">J.H. Murphy, photographer</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
As early as 1836, James Carney and several Timoney family members are witnesses
for weddings:</div>
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<br /></div>
<ul>
<li>10-01-1836 Marriage of Joseph Brown & Elsie Donnelly; Witnesses: Patrick Kelly, James Carney p. 8</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>07-06-1837 Marriage of Denis McCarty & Marguerite McCloghart; Witnesses: Francis M. Crogha, Esther Timoney p. 9</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>12-26-1837 Marriage of Lawrence Dorsey &Jane Strickland; Witnesses: William Dorsey, Catherine Timoney p. 10</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>09-18-1839 Marriage of James Summer & Elleanor Summers; Witnesses: Patrick Duffy, Catherine Timoney p. 13</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
A researcher, who wishes to be anonymous, on the O’Neill and McGillen lines, found <a href="https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/522008?availability=Family%20History%20Library">baptism records</a> at St. Mary of the Assumption, (Old St. Mary’s on Wabash,) that reveal more connections among the families:</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li>1 Jan 1850 - Marriage of John O'Neill and Ann McGillen; Witnesses: Daniel McElroy & Bridget Carney</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>15 Dec 1850 - Baptism of James Edward O'Neill; Sponsors: Daniel McElroy & Mary Timoney</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>12 Nov 1852 - Baptism of Mary Anne (Mollie) Victoria O'Neill; Sponsors: James Carney & Ann Carney</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>19 May 1854 - Baptism of Alice (Sr. Cornelia) O'Neill; Sponsors: Patrick Timoney & Margaret O'Kane</li>
</ul>
<br />
A pivotal point in the web of familial relationships is James Carney’s kinship to the McGillen line; he was the grand uncle of Edward McGillen, a fact that I found in a 1909 history of Chicago:</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
“Edward McGillen…came to Chicago (from Ireland) in the early 1830s when he was only eight years old. He was brought here by a grand uncle, James Carney, who was a merchant and traded with the Indians in Fort Dearborn days of Chicago history.” p. 712.</blockquote>
<div>
<br />
A geographic anchoring for Edward McGillen comes from a death certificate for his son, <a href="https://www.familysearch.org/search/record/results?count=20&query=%2Bgivenname%3Ajohn~%20%2Bsurname%3Amcgillen~%20%2Bresidence_place%3A%22chicago%2C%20cook%2C%20illinois%22~%20%2Bdeath_place%3A%22chicago%2C%20cook%2C%20illinois%22~%20%2Bdeath_year%3A1924-1924~">John McGille</a>n, dated 01 March 1924 in Chicago, IL., stating that he was born in Fermanagh County, Northern Ireland.</div>
<div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-H6e0-Sc0YlU/W3GrOCI04fI/AAAAAAAAClg/IL0cErDuFLQQQ19siET90WJJraQ7H98gQCLcBGAs/s1600/Fermanagh%2Bas%2Bpart%2Bof%2BNI%2Bmap.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="315" data-original-width="253" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-H6e0-Sc0YlU/W3GrOCI04fI/AAAAAAAAClg/IL0cErDuFLQQQ19siET90WJJraQ7H98gQCLcBGAs/s1600/Fermanagh%2Bas%2Bpart%2Bof%2BNI%2Bmap.JPG" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Wikimedia, GNU Free Documentation <br />
License, Fermanagh_Ulster.png 2007<br />
<b>(Fermanagh is in red, NI in bright green)</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
Thus we have established a family foothold in Ulster for James Carney’s grandnephew, our first placing of a cohort across the ocean. <br />
<br />
The aforementioned researcher also shared with me that some of her <a href="http://lunneysite.com/jeri/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/McGillens-by-Philip-Day.pdf">McGillen ancestors</a> lived in Leitrim County, Ireland in the townland of Kiltyclogher near the Fermanagh border. In the <a href="http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/">1911 Ireland Census</a>, a <a href="http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/pages/1911/Leitrim/Kiltyclogher/Kiltyclogher_Town/657377/">Bessie McGillen</a>, age 74, is listed as mother of Patrick McGillen, age 39. Bessie’s birthdate puts the family in County Leitrim prior to 1837.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Ie2PS8wT1og/W3GuFGYrv2I/AAAAAAAACls/e8tW4SJHDmECsYzwts6pb6DWt3qgR4VogCLcBGAs/s1600/Leitrim%2Bas%2Bpart%2Bof%2BI%2B%2526%2BNI%2Bmap.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="776" data-original-width="632" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Ie2PS8wT1og/W3GuFGYrv2I/AAAAAAAACls/e8tW4SJHDmECsYzwts6pb6DWt3qgR4VogCLcBGAs/s320/Leitrim%2Bas%2Bpart%2Bof%2BI%2B%2526%2BNI%2Bmap.JPG" width="260" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">By Island_of_Ireland_location_map.svg:<br />
Maximilian Dörrbecker (Chumwa)derivative work: <br />
Rannpháirtí anaithnid (talk)derivative work: Mabuska<br />
(Island_of_Ireland_location_map.svg)<br />
[CC BY-SA 3.0 (https://creativecommons.<br />
org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], <br />
via Wikimedia Commons<br />
<b>(County Leitrim is dark green)</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
What about the rest of the cohort families: McElroy, O’Neill, and Timoney? Did they originally hail from Northern Ireland, around Fermanagh near Leitrim or Tyrone? <a href="https://www.irishorigenes.com/surnames-database">Dr. Tyrone Bowes</a><a href="https://www.irishorigenes.com/surnames-database"> </a>has created a tool that was just right for me to use to begin my search. He made a geographical distribution of surnames in Ireland/Northern Ireland and plotted them on a map, and it is available for purchase on the website. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
To spread out this large map and see the names of your target families jump out at you is truly an awesome experience. Three names (McCarney, McElroy, and O’Neill) appear in the Northern Irish county of Tyrone (bordering on Fermanagh to the north) and the name Timoney is shown just across the northwestern border of Fermanagh with County Donegal.<br />
<br /></div>
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With this information from Bowes site to orient me, I moved on to
<a href="https://www.nli.ie/en/griffiths-valuation.aspx">Griffith’s Valuation </a>which is like a census in that it recorded where people lived and what property
they owned in mid-nineteenth century Ireland. This record is arranged according
to the levels of <a href="http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/history-heritage/history-of-ireland/genealogical-resources-av/administrative-divisions/">administrative units </a>in Ireland/Northern Ireland: townland
(village,) civil parish, religious parish, Poor Law Union (based on neighboring
townlands around a central market town,) barony, and county. A civil parish
often included more than one barony or county. The website <a href="http://www.askaboutireland.ie/about-us/">Ask About Ireland </a>provides
free access to those who want to search Griffith’s Valuation. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
Where to begin my search in the database? I thought the best place would be
the important clue we have: County Leitrim, near Kiltyclogher by the Fermanagh
border, where the McGillens once lived. From here we might see if any of the
families were in nearby Fermanagh also.</div>
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<br /></div>
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When we look name distribution in County Leitrim near Kiltyclogher and the
Fermanagh border, we see an interesting picture. Members of the Carney family
are found in two townlands in Leitrim County in the barony of Drumhaire. The
first townland is Manorhamilton, in the Civil Parish of Cloonclare, which is 7
miles from the second townland of Cashel, in the Civil Parish of Killanummery.
Members of the three of the four associated families all lived in the same
barony between 5-9 miles of one of these townlands. One family lived in the
barony of Roscloger which is only 6 miles from Manorhamilton. This can be shown
more clearly on the map below. </div>
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<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-jkOcZO5GYiM/W3GvDqi1fKI/AAAAAAAACl0/SFExBhz2Rc8NcH3X3nG7-bwE-OqiaaeXACLcBGAs/s1600/Map%2BCarney%2B%2526%2BAss%2Bin%2BLeitrim.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="849" data-original-width="1248" height="217" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-jkOcZO5GYiM/W3GvDqi1fKI/AAAAAAAACl0/SFExBhz2Rc8NcH3X3nG7-bwE-OqiaaeXACLcBGAs/s320/Map%2BCarney%2B%2526%2BAss%2Bin%2BLeitrim.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Map data @Google 2018</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
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When we turn to the locations of Carney and associated
families in County Fermanagh, we also find an intriguing picture. Carney family
members settled in the townlands of Culky and Laragh, about five miles from the
large market townland of Enniskillen. The other families all lived within 8-13
miles of Culky. As can be seen on the map below, Enniskillen is about 15 miles
from the County Leitrim border.</div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-lhkoJ71ueYM/W3Hynm0VKPI/AAAAAAAACmM/uNpse3466OkDjQ6_nXrSrIlOfQE3cAI9QCLcBGAs/s1600/Map%2BFermanagh%2BFam%2BAss1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="851" data-original-width="1332" height="204" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-lhkoJ71ueYM/W3Hynm0VKPI/AAAAAAAACmM/uNpse3466OkDjQ6_nXrSrIlOfQE3cAI9QCLcBGAs/s320/Map%2BFermanagh%2BFam%2BAss1.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Map data @Google 2018</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
The results of my search were no surprise; members of the
five different families were scattered in, around and between the townlands of
Kiltyclogher (County Leitrim, bordering Fermanagh) and Enniskillen in County Fermanagh
near the Leitrim border. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I started this project with two goals:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<ul>
<li>To find out if the four families that lived in the Carney
household in Chicago in the 1850 Federal Census might be known to each other
before they came to the US</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>To find out where in Ireland/Northern Ireland James Carney was
born and lived before his emigration to America.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I am very happy with how far I have come in my effort to
find the homeplace of James Carney and his associated families in Northern
Ireland. I have used Irish records to show that the five families did indeed
live near each other in Northern Ireland along both sides of the border of
County Leitrim near Kiltyclogher and up to Enniskillen in County Fermanagh.
However, more research is needed to try to identify more exactly the Carney
townland/village. In a subsequent post, I will explore the possible connections between James Carney and my great great grandfather, John Carney.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Labels: Irish, immigrants, Chicago, Ireland, Northern Ireland, Carney/Kearney, Chicago city directories, cluster genealogy, cohort, collateral families</div>
<br /></div>
Pat Spearshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12823338581399447865noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3692263915552749403.post-75550891428224435532017-06-17T11:43:00.000-04:002018-08-12T17:52:16.885-04:00Chicago’s Earliest Industry – the Fur Trade<div class="MsoNormal">
You never know where you will end up when you start
researching some aspect of Chicago history, but it will certainly surprise you.
This phenomenon happened to me when I was researching James Carney, a possible early
Chicago (1820s-50s) Irish ancestor. I saw a listing in the <a href="http://gildedage.lib.niu.edu/islandora/object/niu-lincoln%3A34907">1839 ChicagoDirectory</a> for James Carney, grocery and provision store. I wanted to find out
what early grocery stores carried and what determined their choice of inventory.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In order to understand what kind of goods a merchant in early
Chicago offered, one must first understand what his customers needed and wanted.
And who were these customers? The Indians, living in the northeastern part of
what was to become America and Canada, had long been trading furs and other
items with each other. The French were
the first Europeans to enter the fur trade in the New World in the early 16<sup>th</sup>
century and the Indians became their trading partners. <br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-2WszYgPfsvo/WUQ4oIYWWGI/AAAAAAAAB9w/k8z_RFrQU30Xld8-SAOfvnKIXgwfrExIgCLcBGAs/s1600/Fur%2Btrappers%2Band%2BIndian.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="522" data-original-width="640" height="261" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-2WszYgPfsvo/WUQ4oIYWWGI/AAAAAAAAB9w/k8z_RFrQU30Xld8-SAOfvnKIXgwfrExIgCLcBGAs/s320/Fur%2Btrappers%2Band%2BIndian.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 6.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.9pt;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">The
trappers camp-fire. A friendly visitor, </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Published by Currier & Ives, 152 Nassau St., c1866, </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Library of
Congress Prints and Photographs Division </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 6.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.9pt;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Washington,
D.C. 20540 USA</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">pga.00935/ </span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
The French traders realized that in order to gain access to
the knowledge and the experience of the natives and to gain access to the fruit
of their hunting grounds, they had to earn their trust. Part of their outreach was for some of them
to <a href="http://publications.newberry.org/indiansofthemidwest/people-places-time/eras/fur-trade/">join the Native American community</a> through marriage. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Another reason for marrying into the Native American culture
was that Indian women were used to life on the frontier unlike European women.<sup>1 </sup>When the English came into the fur trade after the French, some English traders
also married Indian wives for the same reasons. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Since there were few Europeans other than traders and a native
population eager to trade in northeastern Illinois and eastern Canada, the
Indians formed the customer base of early trading posts and small grocery and
provision stores. It was the traders who
started these stores as they knew the Indian through business and social
connections. Most likely James Carney began his grocery with the Indian trade.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-SXiwtincK94/WUQ78kirPPI/AAAAAAAAB-A/SHMbk8AmG0QlgYyb_CPb_qUyPT2kXbvIwCLcBGAs/s1600/Fur_traders_in_canada_1777.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="423" data-original-width="600" height="225" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-SXiwtincK94/WUQ78kirPPI/AAAAAAAAB-A/SHMbk8AmG0QlgYyb_CPb_qUyPT2kXbvIwCLcBGAs/s320/Fur_traders_in_canada_1777.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fur trading
with Indians, By William Faden -</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Library and Archives Canada - originally
from: Cartouche</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> from William Faden, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">"A map of the Inhabited</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> Part of Canada</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> from the French Surveys; with the Frontiers of New York</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> and New England", </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1777, Public Domain,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1196945">https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1196945</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
We know that the Indian was the main customer for the early
grocery stores, but what made him a very good trading partner? To find out the details of the fur trade in
and all around Chicago, I consulted four scholarly texts. The original source
was one Alfred H. Meyer, who provided the first in chain of citations:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-HrnQrJ90dic/WURGcKmDnVI/AAAAAAAAB-c/4p7ggI9As_gXi-i7Nm2RSyHDuZPpUKSGwCLcBGAs/s1600/Chain%2Bcitation.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="434" data-original-width="461" height="301" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-HrnQrJ90dic/WURGcKmDnVI/AAAAAAAAB-c/4p7ggI9As_gXi-i7Nm2RSyHDuZPpUKSGwCLcBGAs/s320/Chain%2Bcitation.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00221348808979796?journalCode=rjog20">Dr. Meyer</a> made an exhaustive study of the history of
northeastern Indiana and northwestern Illinois from the time of the Native
American through pioneer settlement in 1850, gives more detail on the Indian
customer:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
“Indians were the most profitable customers prior to 1840,
for many of the white settlers ran accounts which some of them were slow to pay
or sought to default. The Indians, on the other hand, most of whom were
Potawatomi, periodically brought in large quantities of cranberries and bundles
of furs which they traded for articles of food, clothing, or ornaments.”<sup>2</sup></blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I now had some general idea of what the Indian customer
desired when he came to trade. But Dr.
Meyer goes on to list the inventory of the “leading store (he doesn’t give
us the name) in Chicago, at the corner of West Lake and West Water”:<sup>3</sup></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-uPUdJkLUb24/WUQ9yoP8mhI/AAAAAAAAB-M/pL1zupbMQr0ia-U6usu-4PllwNQJWQ8hwCLcBGAs/s1600/Meyer%2Binventory.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="650" data-original-width="1077" height="240" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-uPUdJkLUb24/WUQ9yoP8mhI/AAAAAAAAB-M/pL1zupbMQr0ia-U6usu-4PllwNQJWQ8hwCLcBGAs/s400/Meyer%2Binventory.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Three challenges appear with this inventory list. First, the
large number of items in the inventory (108) makes it necessary to organize
them in some way. I came across another inventory of the <a href="https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/grpo1/fur_trade.pdf">North West [Fur]Company </a>in Grand Portage, MI from 1797 in a
publication by Dr. Bruce White. The items were divided by function/material
according in these categories: “Adornment, Alcohol, Ammunition, Amusement,
Animals, Blankets, Cloth, Clothing, Food, Garden, Guns, Medicine, Powder,
Tobacco, Tools, Utensils, and Writing.”<sup>4</sup></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The second challenge to the inventory list is the number of
items that are unfamiliar to most modern readers. I researched each item and
made a chart of definitions:<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-OWeFEDC0Lnw/WURMy7Rki6I/AAAAAAAAB-s/OgMCUk05OXcy0zxBfg9Whf9yZNswyATYgCLcBGAs/s1600/Unfamiliar%2BInventory%2Bno%2Bsource.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="714" data-original-width="460" height="640" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-OWeFEDC0Lnw/WURMy7Rki6I/AAAAAAAAB-s/OgMCUk05OXcy0zxBfg9Whf9yZNswyATYgCLcBGAs/s640/Unfamiliar%2BInventory%2Bno%2Bsource.JPG" width="409" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The third challenge to this list of inventory is locating
the original source. Where did the list come from? My research path led me through
the chain of citations, starting with Dr. Meyer. When I reached <a href="http://gapersblock.com/airbags/archives/charles_cleaver_and_the_cottage_in_the_grove/">Charles Cleaver's </a>research, I struck gold:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
“After crossing the bridge,” [the bridge across the Chicago
River at Lake Street called Lake Street Bridge] “at the corner of West Lake and
West Water Streets, Bob [Robert A.] Kinzie …kept the largest store in town,
though chiefly filled with goods for the Indian trade. There was beside
Kinzie’s on the West-Side, but that would be about all, some three or four
small groceries where liquor was retailed.” <sup>12</sup></blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I had now identified the owner of the large grocery store. I
still had another challenge – locating the original source of the inventory
list.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
By the time I found Hurlbut’s research, I was worried that I
might never find the source of the list. On p. 28 Hurlbut began a section called “<a href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/history/united-states-and-canada/us-history/american-fur-company">TheAmerican Fur Company</a>” where he discusses how some old records (including account books) of this
company now held at the <a href="https://www.chicagohistory.org/">Chicago History Museum</a>.)<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Vy835JJL1q8/WUSGeMPJMcI/AAAAAAAAB_Y/SfjGvmBO5wEzZxqV3495JFGilAMEMXPCgCLcBGAs/s1600/American%2BFur%2BCo2..jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="434" data-original-width="640" height="217" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Vy835JJL1q8/WUSGeMPJMcI/AAAAAAAAB_Y/SfjGvmBO5wEzZxqV3495JFGilAMEMXPCgCLcBGAs/s320/American%2BFur%2BCo2..jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">American Fur
Cos. buildings. Fond du Lac (back view), </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1827, Library of Congress Washington,
D.C. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">20540 US Am LC-USZ62-2087<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
Hurlbut quotes
several items from these records and at the end of the section, he prefaces the
inventory with these words:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
“We will close this
article by giving a catalogue of goods furnished for the trade of the Chicago
country, fifty-three years ago." (Hurlbut wrote this in 1875, so 53 years past
would have been 1822.)<sup>13<o:p></o:p></sup></blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But Hurlbut gave no specific source within the American Fur
Company documents. The closest that I could get to the actual source was an
inventory of these records written for the Chicago Historical Museum by Robert
D. Kozlow, <a href="http://chsmedia.org/media/fa/fa/M-A/AfurC.htm">American Fur Company records, 1816-1947</a>. A search was done for me in the records
at the Chicago History Museum but nothing came up except a similar inventory
from another trading post, <a href="http://lacduflambeauchamber.com/history/a-history-of-lac-du-flambeau-by-ben-guthrie/">Lac du Flambeau</a> of the North West Company in Wisconsin.
More on-site search of the records must be done.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I have been very intrigued by the tastes of the Native
American consumers at the early trading posts ever since I came upon the
inventory for Robert Kinzie’s store in Chicago in 1833-34. Remember my ancestor
James Carney had a grocery just a few years after (1839) in the same commercial
area. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
You can learn about the needs/wants of a people (a subject
of great interest today to all the online retailers who track our purchases
with <a href="http://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/40334/cookie">cookies</a>) by looking at
what they purchase. How did the Indian traders prioritize the items they
bartered for? According to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fur_trade">E.E. Rich</a> (see section “The fur trade and economic anthropology”) noted scholar on the fur trade in the
Americas wrote:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
“…the Indian would always supply himself first with powder
and shot. After that would come what the trader would call ‘necessaries’ and
what we would call luxuries—tobacco, spirits, gay cloth of different kinds,
beads and caps with articles such as ice-chisels, snow-glasses, and hatches
varying in priority.”<sup>14<o:p></o:p></sup></blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-oLy0wrylUAk/WUSFp_7BgoI/AAAAAAAAB_Q/fsd5VQh6UJglb43amX6nFyfm7wsS-vZ4gCLcBGAs/s1600/Hudson%2BBay%2BTrading%2BPost.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="427" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-oLy0wrylUAk/WUSFp_7BgoI/AAAAAAAAB_Q/fsd5VQh6UJglb43amX6nFyfm7wsS-vZ4gCLcBGAs/s320/Hudson%2BBay%2BTrading%2BPost.jpg" width="284" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">By Unknown
artist from 1800 According to Getty Images - </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Historic image from the Hulton
Archive, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Public Domain, </span><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=28585531"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=28585531</span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There has been much research and discussion of the effect of
alcohol on the Indian tribes. In many sources one reads of how the fur traders
took advantage of the Indian customer by plying him with alcohol. But this has
been questioned by other sources:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
“Perhaps surprising, given the emphasis that has been placed
on it in the historical literature, was the comparatively small role of alcohol
in the trade. At York Factory, Native traders received in 1740 a total of 494
gallons of brandy and “strong water,” which had a value of 1,976 <span id="goog_1574257666"></span><a href="http://furfortfunfacts.blogspot.com/2012/07/what-was-made-beaver-worth_27.html">made-beaver</a>.
More than twice this amount was spent on tobacco in that year, nearly five
times was spent on firearms, twice was spent on cloth, and more was spent on
blankets and kettles than on alcohol. Thus, brandy, although a significant item
of trade, was by no means a dominant one. In addition, alcohol could hardly
have created serious social problems during this period. The amount received
would have allowed for no more than ten two-ounce drinks per year for the adult
Native population living in the region.”<sup>15</sup></blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Professor Rich mentions the difference between European
perspective and values and those of the Native American throughout the article.
Much of the tension between the fur trader who wanted more furs and the Indian
(who was usually not the hunter but the middleman) who provided them came about
because of a difference in culture. The Indian was interested in the here and
now and would only bring sufficient furs to satisfy current needs, a prevailing
view of the Europeans involved in the fur trade and expressed by <a href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/graham_andrew_5E.html">Andrew Graham</a>, who began working for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company">Hudson’s Bay Company</a> in 1749:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
“…the Indian annually could get hold of between seventy and
a hundred made-beaver in furs without effort. For seventy made-beaver he could
fully satisfy all the wants which he would anticipate before he next came down
to trade and the other thirty for waste
and dissipation were all that he had time to spend before he had to leave the
plantation and begin his journey inland again. ”<sup>16 </sup> </blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
From this research project to find the source of the
inventory list, I learned how ethnocentrism can cloud even scholars’ eyes as
they analyze records and draw conclusions about different cultures. I was
fortunate to find Dr. Rich’s study on how the Native American culture differed
from the European and how this influenced the trade between them.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I also learned how much the fur trade played in the economic
beginnings of northeastern Illinois (including Chicago,) northwestern Indiana
and Canada. Before the railroads, the meat packing industry and the factories built
the Chicago we know today, there was the fur trade that laid the foundation for
the future economic blossoming of the city.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-s3i486Fy35M/WUSEDBK33lI/AAAAAAAAB_E/4PcLz3xdn5AMLzqafpyxOqFr6qfv3_4zQCLcBGAs/s1600/Fur%2Btrader%2BCanada.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><img border="0" data-original-height="574" data-original-width="459" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-s3i486Fy35M/WUSEDBK33lI/AAAAAAAAB_E/4PcLz3xdn5AMLzqafpyxOqFr6qfv3_4zQCLcBGAs/s320/Fur%2Btrader%2BCanada.jpg" width="255" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">By Arthur Heming </span></div>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">National Archives of Canada,</span></div>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">C5746http://www.canadianheritage.org/</span></div>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">
</span>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">images/large/20061.jpg,
Public Domain, </span></div>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4046172"></a><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4046172">https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4046172</a></div>
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Thirdly, I learned about a pitfall of research and citation.
It is very important for a writer to include the original source of a record
that he/she cites. In his 1881 publication, Henry Hurlbut gave the original
source of the Chicago store inventory as part of the American Fur Company
accounts. But researchers that came after him did not include the provenance of
the inventory in their publications.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Finally, from the inventory list, I learned what my possible grocer
ancestor James Carney may have carried in his store around 1839. But he wasn’t
in the grocery business for the long haul. In 1840 he opened a brewery, one of
the earliest Chicagoans to do so. He probably faced two facts in making this
decision: </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
</div>
<ol>
<li>the fur trade with its profitable and reliable Indian customer base was coming to an end</li>
<li>beer was a popular product with the growing number of European immigrants and American-born persons flocking to Chicago </li>
</ol>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Endnotes</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<sup>1</sup>A.Gottfred, “Art. II. Femmes du Pays: Women of the
Fur Trade, 1774-1821” (Northwest Journal, <a href="http://www.northwestjournal.ca/XIII2.htm">http://www.northwestjournal.ca/XIII2.htm</a>)
p. 12</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<sup>2</sup> Solon Robinson, <i>Solon Robinson, Pioneer and Agriculturalist; Selected Writings</i>, ed.
By H.A. Kellar, 2 vols. (Indiana Historical Bureau, 1936) quoted in Alfred H. Meyer,
“<i>Circulation and Settlement Patterns of
the Calumet Region of Northwest Indiana and Northeast Illinois: The Second
Stage of Occupance – Pioneer Settler and Subsistence Economy, 1830-1850.</i>”
Annals of the Association of Geographers 46 (3): 312-356, 1956, p. 349.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<sup>3 </sup>Alfred H. Meyer, “<i>Circulation and Settlement Patterns of the Calumet Region of Northwest
Indiana and Northeast Illinois: The Second Stage of Occupance – Pioneer Settler
and Subsistence Economy, 1830-1850.</i>” Annals of the Association of Geographers
46 (3): 312-356, 1956, p. 349.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<sup>4</sup>Bruce M. White, “Grand Portage National Monument
Historic Documents Study,” (Turnstone Historical Research, March, 2004), pgs.
83-101.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<sup>5</sup>John Splinter Stavorinus, <i>Voyages to the East Indies, 3 volumes</i>, (London. G.G. and J.
Robinson, Pater-Noster- Row, 1798) I: 519 (books.google.com)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<sup>6</sup>The Compact Edition of the Oxford English
Dictionary: Complete Text Reproduced Micrographically. Oxford [England: Oxford
University Press, 1971. Print. 1:1833) (<a href="http://bit.ly/2rdgfza">http://bit.ly/2rdgfza</a>)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<sup>7</sup>Ibid., 1:1230</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<sup>8</sup>Ibid., 1:334</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<sup>9</sup>Ibid., 1:1178</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<sup>10</sup>"Appendices to 'The History of Fort
Langley, 1827-96, Canadian Historic Sites No. 20, Appendix E, 1973, Mary
Cullen, Parks Canada, Dept. of Indian and Northern Affairs, Ontario, Canada, p.
72</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<sup>11</sup>Carolyn Podruchny, <i>Making the Voyageur World: Travelers and Traders in the North American
Fur Trade</i>, (Lincoln, NE, University of NE Press, 2006), p. 124. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<sup>12</sup>Dena Evelyn Shapiro, dissertation “Indian
Tribes and Trails of the Chicago Region: A Preliminary Study of the Influence
of the Indian on Early White Settlement” (Master of Arts dissertation, The
University of Chicago, March, 1929), p. 53. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<sup>13</sup>Charles Cleaver, <i>Early Chicago Reminiscences</i>, 1833 (Chicago, Fergus Printing
Company, 1882) p. 27.<sup><o:p></o:p></sup></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<sup>14</sup>Henry Higgins Hurlbut, <i>Chicago Antiquities: comprising original items and relations, letters,
extracts, and notes, pertaining to early Chicago</i> (Chicago, IL, privately
printed, 1881) p. 36.</div>
<div class="Default">
<sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">15</span></sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">E.E. Rich, “Trade Habits and Economic Motivation Among the
Indians of North America” The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political
Science, Vol. 26, No. 1 (Feb., 1960), pp. 35-53 (Ottawa, ON, Canadian Economics
Association) p. 45.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">16 </span></sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Ibid., p. 53</span></div>
<div class="Default">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">17</span></sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Carlos, Ann and Frank Lewis. “Fur Trade (1670-1870)”. EH.Net
Encyclopedia, edited by Robert Whaples. March 16, 2008. URL </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; text-decoration-line: none;"><a href="http://eh.net/encyclopedia/the-economic-history-of-the-fur-trade-1670-to-1870/">http://eh.net/encyclopedia/the-economic-history-of-the-fur-trade-1670-to-1870/</a></span></div>
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Pat Spearshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12823338581399447865noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3692263915552749403.post-80325352012931335222017-02-16T18:12:00.000-05:002017-02-19T15:51:34.564-05:00A Thirst for Early Chicago History<div class="MsoNormal">
I don’t know about you, but I can’t get enough of Chicago
history. And I just discovered five books, and a re-issued early city directory
that have gone a long way to quenching my deep thirst to know how Chicago was
born, who the people were who came to Chicago in the early 1830s (the Native
Americans had been here long before), and where these first Chicagoans settled.
Here are the five reference books:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<ol>
<li><i>A History of Chicago,
Vol. 1, The Beginning of a City 1673-1848</i>, Bessie Louise Pierce, The
University of Chicago, 1937, Chicago, IL. (Vol. 2 <i>From Town to City 1848-1871</i>, Vol. 3 <i>The Rise of a Modern City </i>1871-1893)</li>
<li><i>History of Chicago,
Vol. 1,</i> <i>From the Earliest Period to
the Present Time</i>, Alfred Theodore Andreas, A.T. Andreas publisher, 1884,
Chicago</li>
<li><i>The Catholic Church in
Chicago: 1673-1871, An Historical Sketch,</i> Gilbert J. Garraghan, S.J.,
Loyola University Press, 1921, Chicago, IL.</li>
<li><i>One Hundred Years of
Land Values in Chicago: The Relationship of the Growth of Chicago to the Rise
of its Land Values, 1830-1933</i>, Homer Hoyt, The University of Chicago, 1933,
Chicago, reprinted by Beard Books, Washington D.C., 2000.</li>
<li><i>Chicago’s First Half
Century, The City as it was Fifty Years Ago and as it is Today</i>, The Inter
Ocean Publishing Company, 1883, Chicago, Illinois.</li>
</ol>
Both <a href="http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/2435.html">Pierce’s</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_T._Andreas">Andreas’</a> books are well-researched,
greatly detailed histories in three volumes each where one learns about how the city
came to be and how it developed. The chronology
of the Catholic Church in Chicago by <a href="http://www.luc.edu/media/lucedu/archives/pdfs/garraghan1.pdf">Father Garraghan</a> gives an unexpected
concurrent history of the city that petitioned for and supported the Church.
The fourth book by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer_Hoyt">Hoyt</a> is a history of the ups and downs of land values in
Chicago which parallels the movement of the people within this great city. The
fifth source was published by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Inter_Ocean">Inter Ocean Publishing Company</a> in 1883. Although
it has a slight flavor of a chamber of commerce piece with advertising included,
it also provides a good introduction to life in nineteenth century Chicago and
a detailed look at early industries.<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In addition to the five books, I found the <a href="http://files.usgwarchives.net/il/cook/directories/business/1896/chicagod2nms.txt">Chicago City Directory for 1844</a> (re-printed and made widely available in 1892) to be a
valuable primary source for information on the beginning and rise of Chicago
from the 1830s. These words from p. 15-16 of the Directory perfectly describe
the reason for Chicago to be situated where it was and the reasons it was destined
for greatness: </div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
“Situated on the waters of the only Great lake exclusively
within the United States – being the termination, on the one hand, of the
navigation of the Lakes, and on the other, of the Illinois and Michigan Canal –
affording great natural facilities for a harbor, by means of Chicago River and
its branches – having dependent upon it a region of country vast in extent and
of extraordinary fertility, it must always be the dividing point between two
great sections of the Union, where the productions of each must meet and pay
tribute.”</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-1eLELrO4fJk/WKYxK9vV6mI/AAAAAAAAB8I/4uB76Kv2lwM0mpSWMz0wQjS_czk45MfawCLcB/s1600/Chicago%2BWaterway%2Bsystems.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="301" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-1eLELrO4fJk/WKYxK9vV6mI/AAAAAAAAB8I/4uB76Kv2lwM0mpSWMz0wQjS_czk45MfawCLcB/s400/Chicago%2BWaterway%2Bsystems.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">"Location of Chicago with Respect<br />
to Water-Way Systems", Hoyt, p. 8.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
One of my first questions about Chicago is when it was
incorporated as a town. When I explored my sources for the answer, I learned something
about the requirements needed for a village to become a town in addition to a
sufficient population. Once Chicago had grown past a few fur traders, and wives
and children joined the male pioneers, the desire for spiritual guidance grew. In his book on the Catholic Church in Chicago,
Father Garraghan states: </div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
“Chicago was
incorporated as a town in June 1833….”p.36 </blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But something important for the
spiritual growth of the area happened in April of 1833, two months before incorporation. In that month, a group
of the leaders of the Catholic faithful wrote up a petition, requesting a priest
be sent to Chicago to attend the spiritual needs of the population. (p. 45-46.)
According to Father Garraghan, there were 37 male heads of household who signed
the petition. But when you added the family
members who were listed after each male, the total came to 128. [The total population of Chicago in 1833 was about 350, Hoyt, p.19] Father
Garraghan tells his readers the ethnic background of this group: </div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
“Catholics
other than those of French or Indian stock were few in Chicago in 1833.”</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Father Garraghan gives the Protestants their due in his
narrative: </div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
“…the year 1833 saw church organizations regularly established in
Chicago for the first time, three churches, Catholic, Presbyterian and Baptist
being founded during that year….” p. 52</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Now we know when the town of Chicago was established and who
was there. Although Father Garraghan described the ethnic background of the
early Chicago Catholics, he didn’t do the same for the Protestant population. We do have the <a href="http://genealogytrails.com/ill/cook/polllist.html">August 1833 poll lis</a>t,
and can study the surnames to make guesses about ethnicity. To get a more exact
idea of the balance of ethnic groups in early Chicago’s population, we may
consult a table created by Bessie Louise Pierce in Vol. 2 of her history:<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-coIKyieQ2gE/WKYgUwqEGCI/AAAAAAAAB7U/PT3BqmIxNQE6x7jxCm6IuB4l6npZ1WQYwCLcB/s1600/Chicago%2BPop%2BPierce%2B001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="217" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-coIKyieQ2gE/WKYgUwqEGCI/AAAAAAAAB7U/PT3BqmIxNQE6x7jxCm6IuB4l6npZ1WQYwCLcB/s400/Chicago%2BPop%2BPierce%2B001.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i style="text-align: start;"><br />A History of Chicago, Vol. 1, The Beginning of a City 1673-1848</i><span style="text-align: start;">, <br />Bessie Louise Pierce, The University of Chicago, <br />1937, Chicago, IL. (Vol. 2</span><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><i style="text-align: start;">From Town to City 1848-1871</i><span style="text-align: start;">, <br />Vol. 3</span><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><i style="text-align: start;">The Rise of a Modern City </i><span style="text-align: start;">1871-1893)</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span>With the knowledge of Chicago’s earliest population, we also
want to know where exactly the geographic beginning of our beloved city was.
According to the 1844 City Directory: </div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
“<span style="background: transparent; color: #333333;">CHICAGO, Cook County, Illinois, is situated on the Southwestern shore of
Lake Michigan, at the head of Lake navigation, in lat. 41 deg., 45 sec, North,
and long, 10 deg., 45 sec. West. The site of the City occupies a level prairie,
on both sides of the main stream, and the North and South Branches of Chicago
River, and covers an area of about three and a half miles in length, North and
South, and two and a half in breadth, East and West, about a mile and a half
square of which is already regularly </span>built upon,<span style="background: transparent; color: #333333;"> and the streets opened and graded.” p. 5<o:p></o:p></span></blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333;">A good idea of
the size and physical location of Chicago is well depicted on an 1830 map. Wikimedia
tells us that for early Chicago research, we are very fortunate that “The
Illinois and Michigan Canal Commissioners hired James Thompson, a surveyor…to
create Chicago’s first plat (map)...in 1830.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-3FSkXvoJYas/WKYm5_GqXLI/AAAAAAAAB7o/ZpiOL4wy8YIBOkE3yll-spECQGqy3Fm8ACLcB/s1600/512px-Thompson_Chicago_plat_1830.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-3FSkXvoJYas/WKYm5_GqXLI/AAAAAAAAB7o/ZpiOL4wy8YIBOkE3yll-spECQGqy3Fm8ACLcB/s640/512px-Thompson_Chicago_plat_1830.jpg" width="388" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">By James Thompson
[Public domain], <br />
via Wikimedia Commons </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #333333;">This is where
Chicago began. But for a visual representation of the early city, we have a
painting by </span><a href="http://www.illinoisart.org/no-30-edgar-spier-cameron">Edgar Spier Cameron</a>.<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Rik3f5IfnBc/WKYqAKsTdWI/AAAAAAAAB7w/1dpN7z5bNGAPNoNm1j0J8ED6FJQywiZGwCLcB/s1600/Chicago%2527s%2Bfirst%2Bpost%2Boffice.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Rik3f5IfnBc/WKYqAKsTdWI/AAAAAAAAB7w/1dpN7z5bNGAPNoNm1j0J8ED6FJQywiZGwCLcB/s400/Chicago%2527s%2Bfirst%2Bpost%2Boffice.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<i>Chicago Its History
and Its Builders: </i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>A Century of Marvelous Growth</i>, Currey, </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
J. Seymour, The
S.J. Clarke Publishing </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Company, Chicago, 1910. p. 11.<em><span style="background: white; color: #0a0a0a; font-size: 13.5pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></em></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="color: #333333;">In </span><i style="color: #333333;">Chicago’s
First Half-Century</i><span style="color: #333333;"> we read a description of what Cameron’s painting depicts:</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="background: transparent; color: #333333;"> “The first record of a postmaster’s appointment at Chicago is March 31, 1831,
and Jonathan N. Bailey, an Indian trader, opened his office on the east bank of
the river, in the store of John S.C. Hogan, at the corner of Lake and South
Water Streets.” p. 20 </span></blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="color: #333333;">Chicago’s First Half-Century </i><span style="color: #333333;">gives us</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333;"> a year-by-year chronicle of the
retail/wholesale beginnings and development of Chicago:</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333;"> “Philo Carpenter had
the first store outside the post in 1833, and later P.F. W. Peck built a store.
Both these stores were on Water Street. Carpenter’s was near Franklin Street,
or rather where the road turned to go over the river at the point where Lake Street
bridge is now located.” p. 92 </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333;">[only basic provisions were stocked in these stores]</span></blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333;">One year later,
1834, again in </span><i style="color: #333333;">Chicago’s First
Half-Century</i><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333;">, we read: </span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333;">“In 1834 there were no less than eight stores in
Chicago, and the village kept growing. A.G. Burley opened the first crockery
store, and he went so far as to build his store on the new street or road just
opened, and called Lake Street. Burley’s store was up near the point where
LaSalle Street is now located.” p. 92 (see Thompson map above.)</span></blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: transparent; color: #333333;">Two years later
in the same source we learn: </span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="background: transparent; color: #333333;">“In 1836 the village had grown to the proportions
of a town, and there were about fifty stores in the place. There were streets
as far south as Madison street, and as far north as Indiana street, with an
extension on the West Side of Lake street and Randolph street; and Canal and
Clinton streets were blocked out also.” p. 92 </span></blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: transparent; color: #333333;">You can see this expansion on
<a href="http://publications.newberry.org/makebigplans/plan_images/hathaway-chicago-school-section-1834">Joshua Hathaway’s 1834 map</a> of Chicago</span><span style="background: transparent; color: #333333;">:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-1nAX_dzCV2Y/WKYqk8TsbpI/AAAAAAAAB70/apmqE7enQvkl9dNpA85c1RViF-yY5L-rQCLcB/s1600/1834_Map_of_Chicago_by_Hathaway.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-1nAX_dzCV2Y/WKYqk8TsbpI/AAAAAAAAB70/apmqE7enQvkl9dNpA85c1RViF-yY5L-rQCLcB/s640/1834_Map_of_Chicago_by_Hathaway.jpg" width="443" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">1834 Map of Chicago by Hathaway,wikimedia</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Homer Hoyt in his book <i>One Hundred Years of Land Values in Chicago</i>,
describes a primitive outpost, adding more details to what 1833 Chicago looked
like from personal letters:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 38.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Granville T. Sprout wrote: “In 1833 there was a
row of business houses and cabins on South Water Street between State and Wells
Street and this was the principal street of the town.<sup>1</sup></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--> John<sup>
</sup>Bates wrote: “There was nothing on Lake Street… except perhaps the
Catholic Church [Old St. Mary’s] begun on the northwest corner of Lake and
State.”<sup>2</sup> </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 38.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Rev. Jeremiah Porter stated: “The corner of
Clark and Lake in 1833 was a lonely spot almost inaccessible on account of
surrounding sloughs and bogs.”<sup>3</sup></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But in one year, by 1834, there was phenomenal growth in the
number of people in Chicago. According to Hoyt: </div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
“…its population increased from
the 350 of the year before to 2,000.” p. 19 </blockquote>
And Hoyt goes on to describe where
the commercial expansion took place:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
“The principal growth of that year was
along Lake Street, but the corner of Lake and LaSalle streets was still so far
from the center of business that the construction of a four-story brick
building at that point was referred to as ‘Hubbard’s Folly.’ The construction
of a drawbridge over the main channel (of the Chicago River) at Dearborn Street
in 1834 had the effect of concentrating business near South Water and Dearborn
Street.” p. 19</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-m9c5MzPOhR8/WKYr-KjfE3I/AAAAAAAAB78/9nMiHDAEj4cr-1jZWa2I3ygc9_0n4z1jwCLcB/s1600/old%2BDearborn%2Bbridge.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="286" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-m9c5MzPOhR8/WKYr-KjfE3I/AAAAAAAAB78/9nMiHDAEj4cr-1jZWa2I3ygc9_0n4z1jwCLcB/s400/old%2BDearborn%2Bbridge.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Chicago’s First Half-Century, p. 16</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="color: #333333;">With all this
growth, one might think that the frontier outpost was fast becoming a city. But
not according to a letter written by Mr. Enoch Chase describing Chicago in 1834
that Hoyt quotes: </span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="background: transparent; color: #333333;">“Besides the log cabin on the West Side (of the Chicago
River) kept by Mr. Stiles, there was a blacksmith shop. That was all. On the
North Side were John Kinzie’s house and a few others. On the South Side there
was one house south of Lake Street which was situated on the west side of Clark
Street….On Lake and South Water streets was the main village. Lake Street boasted
one brick block which belonged to Hubbard.” [I added one more sentence from
chase’s letter.] “Jim Kinzie’s store, P.F.W. Peck’s store, Harmon’s and
Loomis’s [again these stores carried only basic provisions] were all on South Water
Street.” <sup>4</sup></span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333;">Another way to
chart where Chicago started and how/where it branched out from year to year is
to read Father Garraghan’s history of the building of Catholic churches in the
city:</span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333;">“St. Mary’s, the first Catholic Church in Chicago, erected in 1833 by
Father St. Cyr on the south side of Lake Street near State….” p. 82 </span></blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333;">But as the
population grew, the first building could no longer hold all the congregants.
St. Mary’s moved to a larger space. Below is a photograph of St. Mary’s “in its
third and last location, on the south side of Madison Street between Wabash
Avenue and State Street.” p. 82.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-6MpTWQOaVYs/WKYsqm8zV-I/AAAAAAAAB8A/Xi5vtnQW_nck5iKaQJt_y9yQ2L-FdXy8gCLcB/s1600/Old%2BSt.%2BMary%2527s.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="256" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-6MpTWQOaVYs/WKYsqm8zV-I/AAAAAAAAB8A/Xi5vtnQW_nck5iKaQJt_y9yQ2L-FdXy8gCLcB/s400/Old%2BSt.%2BMary%2527s.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"> Chicago History Museum, ICHi-37096. <br />
J.H. Murphy, photographer</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #333333;">By 1846 there
were 1300 Catholics in Chicago, one-tenth the population of the city (p. 119,
Garraghan.) Although this number didn’t demand a large number of new churches
at the moment, estimates of future growth due to immigration caused <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Quarter">BishopWilliam J. Quarter</a> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #333333;">to
organize </span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="background: transparent; color: #333333;">“…three additional parishes, St. Patrick’s, St. Joseph’s and St.
Peter’s. St. Patrick’s Church…stood at the southwest corner of Desplaines and
Randolph Streets, on the west side of the river, where Irish immigrants had
begun to settle in large numbers.” p. 119 </span></blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333;">St. Joseph’s was
to serve German Catholics north of the Chicago River and “…stood at the
north-east corner of Cass and Superior Streets….” (p. 193 Garraghan) while St.
Peter’s, also serving the growing German Catholic population, was built south
of the Chicago River “…on the south side of Washington Street between Wells and
Franklin Streets.”</span><sup style="color: #333333;">5</sup></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Thus from the commercial and religious building in early
Chicago, we can chart the growth of the city from its meager beginnings. No one
who knows the city of today could imagine how it started one hundred and eighty-four
years ago. Those early pioneers had great imagination, fortitude, raw energy,
and steadfastness to risk all in such a wild and swampy prairie. With what
amazement would they now behold Chicago in the twenty-first century.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>1</sup> Granville T. Sproat, letter to the Chicago
Tribune, December 12, 1886; letter of Charles Butler, December, 1881, in
Andreas, op. cit., I, 129. (p.18 Hoyt)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>2</sup> Andreas, op. cit., I, 131 (p.18 Hoyt)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>3</sup>Andreas, op. cit., I, 300 (p.18 Hoyt)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup><span style="background: transparent; color: #333333;">4</span></sup><span style="background: transparent; color: #333333;"> Andreas, op. cit., I, pp. 138-139,
Letter of Enoch Chase, August 2, 1883 (p. 19 Hoyt)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup><span style="background: transparent; color: #333333;">5</span></sup><span style="background: transparent; color: #333333;"> <i>History
of St. Peter’s Church, Chicago, Illinois</i>, Franciscans, Province of the
Sacred Heart, Chicago, 1953, p. 32.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Pat Spearshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12823338581399447865noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3692263915552749403.post-33086833496349465142016-12-07T18:08:00.000-05:002017-02-16T18:14:53.215-05:00City Directories: the Who, the How and the Why<div class="normal">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-RPqMtRXZjAw/WEiJeDxJAhI/AAAAAAAAB6g/3RUEOJfvaYgsZ2JHoJ1qOP2crlppAVylgCLcB/s1600/1845_Chicago_from_the_west.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="153" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-RPqMtRXZjAw/WEiJeDxJAhI/AAAAAAAAB6g/3RUEOJfvaYgsZ2JHoJ1qOP2crlppAVylgCLcB/s400/1845_Chicago_from_the_west.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">By engraved by John C. Moss - [1], <br />
Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/<br />
w/index.php?curid=44967267</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">If you want to learn about a city, a great source is the city directory. Even after
doing some research with Chicago city directories, I realized that I didn’t
know much about directories. I had three main questions:</span></div>
<div class="normal">
</div>
<ol>
<li>why were
directories created</li>
<li>who gave
the information found in the directories</li>
<li>who
collected the information</li>
</ol>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">I went to
Familysearch.org and found the </span><a href="https://familysearch.org/wiki/en/United_States_Directories" style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;">origin of directories</a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">:</span><br />
<div class="normal">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">“Directories
</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">were created for salesman,
merchants and others interested in contacting residents of an area.” <o:p></o:p></span></blockquote>
</div>
<div class="normal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">I read
several web articles about directories in search of answers to the next two
questions. A book I found on books.google, </span><i style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;"><a href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Critical_Toponymies.html?id=xg1GAepFft8C">Critical Toponymies: The contested Politics of Place Naming</a></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">, edited by Lawrence D.
Bert and Jani Vuolteenaho revealed a great deal on the subject. Chapter
10 in the book, “Indexing the Great Ledger of the Community: Urban House
Numbering, City Directories, and the Production of Spatial Legibility” by Dr. <a href="http://www.uvic.ca/socialsciences/geography/people/faculty/rose-redwoodreuben.php">Reuben Rose-Redwood </a> presents the history of city directories.
On p. 208, Dr. Rose-Redwood answers the question of how the data is found:</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">“Although
some directory compilers utilized tax assessment records to produce their
directories, the majority of publishers hired a team of men to ‘canvass’ the
city door-to-door, or did so themselves.”</span></blockquote>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">On the
subject of who actually provided the information to the canvassers, the author
gives us a glimpse into the sociology of the 1800s: </span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">“Although
servants, women, and children were generally excluded from the city directory,
they were ironically the main sources of the information that filled its
pages.” p. 208</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Heads of household were most likely in the workplace when
canvassers were on the job. We can see the status of women clearly in this
record of households, the humble city directory. Women were usually only listed if they were widows. </span><br />
<div class="normal">
<br /></div>
<div class="normal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Something I
found very interesting about the process of collecting data for the directories
is the fact that many people were very reluctant to answer the canvassers’
questions. Dr. Rose-Redwood addressed the reasons for this lack of cooperation
from many members of the public in a quote from the <i>Mobile Directory </i>or <i>Stranger’s
Guide</i> 1839, n.p.:</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">“Sometimes people would refuse to give their names
fearing it would cause them to be taxed, or stand a draft in the militia, or
for the jury.” p. 209</span></blockquote>
<div class="normal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">In his
book, <i><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Basics-Genealogy-Reference-Librarians-Guide/dp/1591585147">Basics of Genealogy Reference: ALibrarian’s Guide</a></i>, </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://basicsofgenealogyreference.blogspot.com/">Jack Simpson </a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> quotes R.H. Donnelly, editor of
the Chicago city directory for 1892, who gives two other reasons behind
people’s objections to parting with personal information:</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">“Others
want their names left out on all manner of pleas. Divorce cases cause many
people to request that their names be suppressed. This year, particularly,
there were many who said they did not want their names to appear on account of
the World’s Fair. They say they don’t want their cousins to find them in 1892.”
p. 46</span></blockquote>
<div class="normal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">From these
accounts, it is amazing so many households appear in the directories! The directory canvasser unfortunately did not have the government behind him as did the census taker!</span></div>
<div class="normal">
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-cN48OKHzT9M/WEiRlaQj5fI/AAAAAAAAB60/1Js4Wbqym-ssNGQQHUgH-GBOUxpBWEcjQCEw/s1600/1850-censustaker.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="291" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-cN48OKHzT9M/WEiRlaQj5fI/AAAAAAAAB60/1Js4Wbqym-ssNGQQHUgH-GBOUxpBWEcjQCEw/s400/1850-censustaker.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">https://www.census.gov/history/<br />
www/sights_sounds/photos/<br />
1850_photos.php#, The Census Taker</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">For more
information on how city directories can help you in your research, a very
helpful web article is <i><a href="https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/baugrud/www/helpfiles/citydirect.html">City Directories </a></i></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> by Bryan L. Mulcahy, Reference Librarian for <a href="http://www.leegov.com/library">Fort Myers-Lee County, FLLibrary</a>. Mr. Mulcahy discusses how directories are organized. But most helpful
is the section where he alerts the researcher as to what can be gleaned from a
directory and what one might infer from a particular listing.</span></div>
<div class="normal">
<br /></div>
<div class="normal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">With this
background on city directories, we come to my experience with directory
research. In a separate post, I will unveil the details of my project using the
Chicago city directories from 1844-1880 as a source to track my target ancestor
(paternal great grandfather John Carney/Kearney and great grandmother Mary Duffy) and seven <a href="https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/cohort">cohort</a> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">families. This is another effort to go through the back door, to coax data
about my ancestor out of the few records I can find. In brief, I found a way to
go beyond what one can normally get from a city directory: individual names,
addresses, and occupations for one year. My strategy is this:</span></div>
<div class="normalCxSpMiddle">
</div>
<ol>
<li>Create
a list of the families associated with your target ancestor.</li>
<li>Decide
on a span of years to use to track the whereabouts of these people.</li>
<li>Create
a spreadsheet to track addresses, changes in spelling of surnames, and
occupations over time for your ancestor and the cohort families.</li>
<li>Consult the target city directories for the years in your range and use the data to fill in the spreadsheet.</li>
</ol>
<div>
Below is a brief snapshot of the much larger spreadsheet. It shows a few of the cohort families who lived on the Near North Side for the period of 1844-1856. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 3.9pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 14.5pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td colspan="6" style="background: yellow; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 14.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-pattern: solid yellow; mso-shading: windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.15pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Carney/Kearney,
Duffy and Cohorts in Chicago City Directories 1844-1856<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 14.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.25pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 30.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="background: yellow; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 30.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-pattern: solid yellow; mso-shading: windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.15pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Year<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.9pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Last
Name<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.65pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Surname
Spelling Variation<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.2pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">First
Name<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.35pt;" valign="top" width="122"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Occupation
<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.75pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Street
#<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.25pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Street
<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 27.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 27.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.15pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">1844<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.9pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Carney<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.65pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.2pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">William<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.35pt;" valign="top" width="122"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">sailor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.75pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.25pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Michigan
bt Rush and Pine<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 29.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.15pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">1845<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.9pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Carney<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.65pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.2pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">William<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.35pt;" valign="top" width="122"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">tailor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.75pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.25pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Mich
Av bt State and 1st sts<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 29.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.15pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">1849-1850<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.9pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Ward<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.65pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.2pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Ebenezer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.35pt;" valign="top" width="122"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">ship
carpenter<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.75pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.25pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Illinois,
east of Pine<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 29.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.15pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">1849-1850<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.9pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Ward<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.65pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.2pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">H.P.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.35pt;" valign="top" width="122"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">clerk,
Gurnee, Hayden & Co.s<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.75pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">86<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.25pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Dearborn
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 49.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 49.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.15pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">1849-1850<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 49.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.9pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Duffy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 49.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.65pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 49.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.2pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Mrs.
Mary<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 49.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.35pt;" valign="top" width="122"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">laundress<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 49.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.75pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 49.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.25pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Dearborn
bt North Water and Kinzie<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 43.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 43.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.15pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">1849-1850<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.9pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Carney<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.65pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.2pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">David<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.35pt;" valign="top" width="122"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">sailor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.75pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.25pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Michigan
bt Dearborn and Wolcott<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 29.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.15pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">1851<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.9pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Carney<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.65pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.2pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">William<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.35pt;" valign="top" width="122"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">tanner<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.75pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.25pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Indiana
east of Pine<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 41.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 41.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.15pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">1851<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 41.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.9pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Duffy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 41.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.65pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 41.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.2pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Mrs.
Mary<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 41.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.35pt;" valign="top" width="122"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 41.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.75pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 41.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.25pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Dearborn
bt North Water and Kinzie<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 43.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 43.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.15pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">1851<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.9pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Ward<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.65pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.2pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">John<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.35pt;" valign="top" width="122"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">laborer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.75pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.25pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Ohio
and LaSalle corner<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 29.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.15pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">1851<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.9pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Duffy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.65pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.2pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">James<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.35pt;" valign="top" width="122"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">mason<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.75pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.25pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Ohio
bt Pine and Sand<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 43.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 12;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 43.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.15pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">1852-1853<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.9pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Duffy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.65pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.2pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Mrs.
Mary<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.35pt;" valign="top" width="122"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.75pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.25pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Dearborn
bt Kinzie and N. Water<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 43.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 13;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 43.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.15pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">1852-1853<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.9pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Duffy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.65pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Duffey<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.2pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">John<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.35pt;" valign="top" width="122"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.75pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.25pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Dearborn
bt Superior and Huron<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 43.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 14;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 43.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.15pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">1852-1853<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.9pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Duffy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.65pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Duffey<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.2pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Michael<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.35pt;" valign="top" width="122"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.75pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.25pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Ohio
bt Dearborn and Wolcott<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 29.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 15;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.15pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">1852-1853<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.9pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Duffy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.65pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Duffey<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.2pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">James<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.35pt;" valign="top" width="122"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">mason<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.75pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.25pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Ohio
bt Pine and Sand<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 29.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 16;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.15pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">1853-1854<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.9pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Carney<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.65pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.2pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">William<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.35pt;" valign="top" width="122"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.75pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">11<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.25pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Indiana<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 29.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 17;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.15pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">1853-1854<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.9pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Kreis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.65pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Kres<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.2pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Carl<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.35pt;" valign="top" width="122"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">laborer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.75pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">154<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.25pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Indiana<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 29.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 18;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.15pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">1853-1854<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.9pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Ward<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.65pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.2pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">George<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.35pt;" valign="top" width="122"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">ship
carpenter<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.75pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.25pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Indiana
near Market<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 29.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 19;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.15pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">1853-1854<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.9pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Ward<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.65pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.2pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Ephraim
Jr.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.35pt;" valign="top" width="122"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">attorney<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.75pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">102<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.25pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Ohio<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 29.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 20;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.15pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">1854-1855<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.9pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Duffy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.65pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.2pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">William<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.35pt;" valign="top" width="122"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">constable<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.75pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">22<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.25pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Indiana<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 29.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 21;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.15pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">1854-1855<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.9pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Ward<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.65pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.2pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Ephraim
A.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.35pt;" valign="top" width="122"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">attorney<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.75pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">102<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.25pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Ohio<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 29.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 22;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.15pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">1855-1856<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.9pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Duffy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.65pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.2pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Mrs.
C.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.35pt;" valign="top" width="122"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.75pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">98<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.25pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Illinois<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 29.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 23;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.15pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">1855-1856<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.9pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Ward<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.65pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.2pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">George<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.35pt;" valign="top" width="122"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">ship
carpenter<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.75pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.25pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Indiana
near Market<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 29.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 24;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.15pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">1855-1856<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.9pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Sweeney<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.65pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.2pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Mrs.
Mary<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.35pt;" valign="top" width="122"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.75pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">94<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.25pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Michigan
Avenue<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 29.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 25;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.15pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">1855-1856<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.9pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Duffy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.65pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.2pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">James<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.35pt;" valign="top" width="122"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">plasterer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.75pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.25pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Ohio<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 29.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 26; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.15pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">1855-1856<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.9pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Ward<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.65pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.2pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Ephraim<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.35pt;" valign="top" width="122"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">attorney<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.75pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">104<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 29.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.25pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Ohio<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div>
An observation that jumps out from a quick look at the data above is the absence of street numbers in the 1840s and early 1850s. Chicago was still a young city. The first Chicago city directory was published in 1844* and as Dr. Rose-Redwood states on p.203 of his essay:</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
"...the introduction of house numbering into American urban life was directly tied to the development of city directory publishing in the United States."</blockquote>
I hope this post has provided the reader with more insight into the history of the city directory and some ideas on how to mine the data contained in these publications.<br />
<br />
*In 1839 Robert Fergus compiled and published a small run of a city directory. About 50 of the 500 copies were bought. It was forgotten until 1876 when the Fergus Printing Company added to the original and re-published it as an historical artifact. (This information came from the introduction to the re-published 1839 <i>City of Chicago Directory</i> in1876. Copies can be ordered at Amazon.com.)<br />
<br />
categories: genealogy toolsPat Spearshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12823338581399447865noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3692263915552749403.post-38879309529118497972016-05-12T19:33:00.000-04:002017-02-16T18:14:53.245-05:001909 Greektown Chicago -- You are There<div class="MsoNormal">
One of my most fervent wishes is to get as close to my
ancestors as possible. I yearn to look into their apartment windows, listen to their
dinner conversation, or shadow them as they go about their daily work. Perhaps
what I want most is to sit with them and ask questions: what made you leave your birth country, where
did you settle in the US, what were your communities like in America, and what
did you do for entertainment? </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I came closer to my ancestors than ever before when I
discovered a journal article on <a href="http://about.jstor.org/">JSTOR</a> by <a href="https://www.nwhm.org/education-resources/biography/biographies/grace-abbott/">Grace Abbott</a>, “<a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/2762517?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents">A Study of the Greeks in Chicago</a>,”<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-1fe9YbE-XgY/VzTzEsyKx8I/AAAAAAAAB5Q/nfETmJ0Ow2E61wqsi3gDIJAOD8nY0fhEACLcB/s1600/Grace%2BAbbott2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-1fe9YbE-XgY/VzTzEsyKx8I/AAAAAAAAB5Q/nfETmJ0Ow2E61wqsi3gDIJAOD8nY0fhEACLcB/s320/Grace%2BAbbott2.jpg" width="214" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Grace Abbott,
1878-1939, 1930 Nov. 17, </span><br />
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">LC-USZ62-73282, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Library of Congress Prints and</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Photographs</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Division Washington, D.C. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">20540 USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
published in 1909. (Note: for more
information on JSTOR, please see my post of <a href="http://spearspat.blogspot.com/2014/09/academic-journals-powerhouse-of-research.html">Sept 30, 2014</a>) Not only did Ms. Abbott live in Chicago during
the times my Greek ancestors were there, but she studied <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_House">Hull House</a> census <a href="http://florencekelley.northwestern.edu/historical/hullhouse/">data</a> gathered from the Greek community and
then wrote about her findings. As I read her piece, I found answers to some of
my questions about the lives of the Greek immigrants to Chicago, including my
great grandfather Peter Flessouras, who came to America in the late 19<sup>th</sup>
and early 20<sup>th</sup> centuries.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
From my research, I know that Peter Flessouras came from
Pigadakia, a small village south of Tripoli in the Peloponnese area of Greece. (Please
see my post of <a href="http://spearspat.blogspot.com/2015/11/seeing-greece-best-way.html">Nov 16, 2015</a> to see maps of Peter’s Greek homeland.) </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But I didn’t know until I read Abbott’s Study
that:</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
“Most of the Greeks who come to the United States (were) from the
Peloponnesus.” (p. 380) </blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This area of Greece has so much rocky
terrain that farming is difficult. When my husband and I visited the Peloponnese in September of 2015, we saw this challenging terrain.<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-jbIzpNDK2rs/VzTw5nKDdVI/AAAAAAAAB40/OcjykbxkXZ0tteGv_7mwvg68gEH_65nVACLcB/s1600/DSCN0073.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-jbIzpNDK2rs/VzTw5nKDdVI/AAAAAAAAB40/OcjykbxkXZ0tteGv_7mwvg68gEH_65nVACLcB/s320/DSCN0073.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">View of terraced land once used for <br />
farming in Vatheia, taken <br />
by Bert Schuster, Sept 2015</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
With agriculture as the principle means of
livelihood at that time, the lack of good crop land led to a larger migration
from the Peloponnese than from other parts of Greece where the soil was more
conducive to farming. This small piece of geographical information partially
answered my question to my great grandfather: why did you leave Greece?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Ms. Abbott also reveals an interesting behavior of Greek
immigrants: </div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
“All of them talk of ‘the Athens’ as though it had been their home,
but although it belongs to them in a very intimate sort of way, very few of
them have ever seen it. For example, out of 424 who live within a few blocks of
Hull House 205 came from Sparta, 102 from Tripolis, and 5 from Athens.
Moreover, most of those who say they came from Sparta and Tripolis, have not
really lived in those towns but in the country villages nearby.” (p. 380)</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I can see why my great grandfather might say he was from
Tripolis as no one outside of his community would have heard of Pigadakia, <a href="http://www.worldatlas.com/travelaids/driving_distance.htm">15miles</a> south of there. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Ms. Abbott provides a fact about the life of my ancestors in
Greece that I did not know: </div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
“There is peasant proprietorship of land in the
Peloponnesus and most of those who emigrate have lived on small farms which
they owned and worked for themselves.” (p. 385) </blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
So, my Greek ancestors were not
tenant farmers as my Irish and Swiss forebears likely were. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Perhaps this
experience working for themselves helped steer the Greeks into areas of the
American economy that would allow them to be more independent than if they
went to work in factories.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I have heard from talking with Greek Americans that an entry-level job for Greek immigrants, as for many other ethnic groups who came to
America, was working on the railroad. Ms. Abbott confirms this:</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
“Like other
foreigners most of the Greeks must first serve an apprenticeship in the gangs
that do the railroad and general construction work for the country.” (p. 386) </blockquote>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2XLnAutQ8Sw/VzUJ0fck7eI/AAAAAAAAB54/EaRqToQem14XAplCFMg_G7ao7vh5h6KXACLcB/s1600/Railroad%2Bworkers%2B1900.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="252" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2XLnAutQ8Sw/VzUJ0fck7eI/AAAAAAAAB54/EaRqToQem14XAplCFMg_G7ao7vh5h6KXACLcB/s320/Railroad%2Bworkers%2B1900.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.1pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 8.3pt;">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">Steam shovel doing construction work for the Western</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.1pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 8.3pt;">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt;"> Pacific Railroad, <a href="http://www.loc.gov/pictures/related/?fi=name&q=Thompson%2C%20P.%20J.">Thompson,
P. J.</a>, 1906, LC-USZ62-29487,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.1pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 8.3pt;">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt;"> Library of Congress Prints and
Photographs Division</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.1pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 8.3pt;">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt;"> Washington, D.C. 20540 USA.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
But the fierce desire for independence and an entrepreneurial spirit which the
Greeks brought from home combined to make their time on the railroad<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
“…shorter
than with most nationalities.” (p. 386) Within a short while “…he has learned
some English and has accumulated enough money to venture on a small commercial
enterprise for himself. He becomes a peddler, perhaps later owns a fruit-stand
and finally an ice-cream parlor.” (p. 386)</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Since there were no farms in early 20<sup>th</sup> century
Chicago, Greek farmers adapted to their new conditions by peddling food instead
of growing it. Some photographs from the Library of Congress’ <a href="http://www.loc.gov/pictures/">Prints and Photographs</a> Division show how peddling foods was not unfamiliar to
Greeks. (Note: I came across these photos on the internet but did not know their source. I sought the help of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maureen_Taylor_(genealogist)">Maureen Taylor</a> who is known as "the <a href="https://maureentaylor.com/">photo detective</a>" for her skills in photo identification. Thank you, Maureen, for identifying the source of the following two photos.) <br />
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-u-1VTuc-Ais/VzTxk7iqT6I/AAAAAAAAB48/tyUysDiv-N4xHNjkqgfJXQPn9PzVNGT1gCLcB/s1600/Greek%2Bpeddlar.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-u-1VTuc-Ais/VzTxk7iqT6I/AAAAAAAAB48/tyUysDiv-N4xHNjkqgfJXQPn9PzVNGT1gCLcB/s320/Greek%2Bpeddlar.JPG" width="308" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Poultry
pedlar in Greek costume, Athens, Greece, c1895,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> LC-USZ62-65904, Library of
Congress Prints and Photographs</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-97zy8Z2JQlE/VzTyH1Td1rI/AAAAAAAAB5A/63ll0z_vPaQj0tqeoeN66e6unKNjol0_QCLcB/s1600/Greek%2Bpedlar%2B2%2Bathens-19thcentury-14-728.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-97zy8Z2JQlE/VzTyH1Td1rI/AAAAAAAAB5A/63ll0z_vPaQj0tqeoeN66e6unKNjol0_QCLcB/s320/Greek%2Bpedlar%2B2%2Bathens-19thcentury-14-728.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Areopagus and
Theseion, N.W. form Athens, toward sacred way to</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Eleusis, c1907 Jan. 31,
LC-USZ62-66122, Library of Congress</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Prints and Photographs Division Washington,
D.C. 20540 USA.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Peter Flessouras described himself as a peddler and huckster
on several birth records of his children and on the 1910 Chicago, Cook, IL
federal census. However, unlike many of his cousins, he did not progress to become
the owner of a grocery, a candy store or a restaurant. Here is a photo that
could have been my great grandfather:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-8iRSGlvOxSE/VzTyiknQ5wI/AAAAAAAAB5I/EGk6uuIAaKI0XSUnvnRS4LuiLJ8hlXecQCLcB/s1600/Greek%2Bpushcart%2BHellenic%2BMuseum2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="192" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-8iRSGlvOxSE/VzTyiknQ5wI/AAAAAAAAB5I/EGk6uuIAaKI0XSUnvnRS4LuiLJ8hlXecQCLcB/s320/Greek%2Bpushcart%2BHellenic%2BMuseum2.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Street
peddler pushing his cart past Kentron Cafe and Mouzakiotis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Music Store on Halsted
St., courtesy of the</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">National Hellenic Museum, Chicago, Illinois<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Another question that tugs at my mind: what kinds of
institutions did the Greeks build in their new American communities? Again, Ms.
Abbott provides an answer:</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
“The largest settlement of Chicago Greeks is in the
<a href="http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1316.html">nineteenth ward</a>, north and west of Hull House. Here is the Greek Orthodox
Church, a school supervised by the priest in which about thirty children are
taught a little English, some Greek, much of the achievements of Hellas…here
too, is the combination Greek bank, steamship ticket office, notary public, and
employment agency, and the coffee-houses, where the men drink black Greek
coffee, play cards, speculate on the outcome of the next Greek lottery, and in
the evening sing to the accompaniment of the Greek bagpipes or -- evidence of
their Americanization -- listen to the phonograph.” (p. 380)</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As part of the Hull House papers, period photos were taken
that add to the data collected from door-to-door interviews conducted by census
collectors trained by Hull House. Fortunately, some photos from the <a href="http://collections.carli.illinois.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/uic_hull">Hull HouseYearbooks </a>of the early decades of the twentieth
century are online, thanks to the <a href="http://www.uic.edu/">University of Illinois at Chicago</a>. These add to Ms. Abbott’s
description of the activities that the Greeks pursued after hours:<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-0S7pcneng2s/VzT26B7601I/AAAAAAAAB5g/MjF5M5Qn5Dsb1jRTakfM-kgD4l1_0_jRACLcB/s1600/Hull%2BHouse%2BGreek%2Bwrestlers2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="292" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-0S7pcneng2s/VzT26B7601I/AAAAAAAAB5g/MjF5M5Qn5Dsb1jRTakfM-kgD4l1_0_jRACLcB/s320/Hull%2BHouse%2BGreek%2Bwrestlers2.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">A Group of Greek Wrestlers – Hull House Gymnasium,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://collections.carli.illinois.edu/cdm/search/collection/uic_hull/searchterm/6375.JPG">
<span style="color: #171b8f; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 5.5pt;">6375.JPG</span></a><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 5.5pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">Hull
House Yearbook, 1927, p. 39,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt;"></span><a href="http://collections.carli.illinois.edu/cdm/ref/collection/uic_hull/id/284"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">http://collections.carli.illinois.edu/cdm/ref/collection/uic_hull/id/284</span></a><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-OV_vbYDlj90/VzT3NvaYJII/AAAAAAAAB5k/sXkHSmJEAwYWQXevE_qyMEoES2th-dBuwCLcB/s1600/Hull%2BHouse%2BGreek%2BWomen%2527s%2BClub2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="294" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-OV_vbYDlj90/VzT3NvaYJII/AAAAAAAAB5k/sXkHSmJEAwYWQXevE_qyMEoES2th-dBuwCLcB/s320/Hull%2BHouse%2BGreek%2BWomen%2527s%2BClub2.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://collections.carli.illinois.edu/cdm/search/collection/uic_hull/searchterm/Greek"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">Greek</span></a><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;"> </span><a href="http://collections.carli.illinois.edu/cdm/search/collection/uic_hull/searchterm/Woman's"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">Woman's</span></a><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;"> </span><a href="http://collections.carli.illinois.edu/cdm/search/collection/uic_hull/searchterm/Club"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">Club</span></a><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">, </span><a href="http://collections.carli.illinois.edu/cdm/search/collection/uic_hull/searchterm/6360.JPG"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">6360.JPG</span></a><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">Hull
House Yearbook, </span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">1910, p. 24, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9pt;">http://collections.carli.illinois.edu/cdm/ref/collection/uic_hull/id/275</span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In conclusion, genealogists seek ways to connect with their
ancestors. Since we are physically unable to talk with those who have passed
away, one tool that enables us to “visit” the times our ancestors lived is through
contemporary written and photographic materials. Journals from our target time period can be
very useful in building a picture of vanished lives. JSTOR provides a way to
access many such journals. </div>
Pat Spearshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12823338581399447865noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3692263915552749403.post-52734276589948526502016-04-07T19:15:00.001-04:002017-02-16T18:14:53.282-05:00Mining DNA data with GEDmatch<div class="MsoNormal">
My readers may have wondered where I have been for the last six
months. I have been analyzing my <a href="http://genealogy.about.com/od/dna_genetics/p/autosomal.htm">autosomal DNA</a> using <a href="https://www.gedmatch.com/login1.php">GEDmatch</a>.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7tqi1KW5msQ/Vwbed2-AndI/AAAAAAAAB4A/Box3swc_S-coImwbZ0W9jD41GTA2W32zg/s1600/dna-1370603787LgY.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7tqi1KW5msQ/Vwbed2-AndI/AAAAAAAAB4A/Box3swc_S-coImwbZ0W9jD41GTA2W32zg/s320/dna-1370603787LgY.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dna by <a href="http://www.publicdomainpictures.net/browse-author.php?a=39225">Виталий Смолыгин</a>,
<br />http://www.publicdomainpictures.net/<br />view-image.php?image=42718&picture=dna</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
I found the best definition of GEDmatch
in a pdf document “<a href="http://moodle.dnagedcom.com/MoodleClass/DNAadoption/UsingGEDMATCHRevised3-2014.pdf">Using GEDmatch</a>” that <a href="http://blog.kittycooper.com/about-me/">Kitty Cooper</a> highlighted in her <a href="http://blog.kittycooper.com/downloads/">blog post</a>: </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
“GEDmatch is a FREE, non-profit, “do-it-yourself” genomics website that
allows DNA testers to upload raw data from FTDNA, AncestryDNA, and 23andMe to
compare with a large database of data that has been voluntarily uploaded by
other testers.”</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
After learning more about GEDmatch from my
cousin Sallie Atkins, I decided to try it out. For anyone who learns best by
listening and seeing, I recommend watching <a href="http://www.genesandtrees.com/">Angie Bush’s</a> video “<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=acGJmLlsWg4">GEDMatch Basics</a>” on youtube.com before even opening GEDmatch. <br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-69sWX8s_oco/VwbhDv-uQSI/AAAAAAAAB4M/hrotuzcLGWIxle35ZlUjuP-uG8Ls4-BiA/s1600/youtube.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-69sWX8s_oco/VwbhDv-uQSI/AAAAAAAAB4M/hrotuzcLGWIxle35ZlUjuP-uG8Ls4-BiA/s200/youtube.png" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">By
112.Georgia (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)],</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> via Wikimedia Commons<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Depending on the company that you chose to test your
autosomal DNA, follow the instructions (shown in the video) to upload your
data. Remember to heed the caution given in several websites/blogs about this
process: GEDmatch is run by volunteers and can be so inundated by users so that
the program seems to freeze at times. Just be patient (and grateful for the
wonderful tools this site offers) and try again. One more caveat on uploading:
if another person in your household is on the internet at the same time you are
uploading, the upload may fail.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
After your data is on GEDmatch, you can begin using the
tools to identify the people who match you. Aside from the technical aspects of
getting your data on GEDmatch, something very important to your success in
connecting with your “matches” often gets overlooked. After you run the “one to
many” query and see all those potential matches, what do you do?<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/--J8MOxUTHG8/VwbkxK6GzVI/AAAAAAAAB4Y/8ZaTkSFR07U_j5cLYzPZR6CkonlOT9P4g/s1600/Communication_sender-message-reciever_en%2B%25281%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="63" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/--J8MOxUTHG8/VwbkxK6GzVI/AAAAAAAAB4Y/8ZaTkSFR07U_j5cLYzPZR6CkonlOT9P4g/s400/Communication_sender-message-reciever_en%2B%25281%2529.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">CC BY-SA 3.0,
<br />https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?<br />curid=58579</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Let’s look at <i>how</i> to communicate with our matches. <a href="http://titus2homemaker.com/about-me/">Rachel Ramey</a> talks about just this subject in her post “<a href="http://titus2homemaker.com/2014/03/a-few-things-ive-learned-as-a-beginner-at-gedmatch/">A Few Things I’ve Learned as aBeginner at GEDmatch</a>.” Among her tips to include in your message to your
matches is your kit number and why you are contacting the person. Also,
highlight any surnames that you want your match to consider.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
You will be surprised when you see just how many matches
GEDmatch delivers in the one-to-many tool. I liked Ms. Ramey’s suggestion that
you save GEDmatch tables into Excel or another spreadsheet tool of your choice.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7l5NG3Yv6PA/VwbmnX43m1I/AAAAAAAAB4k/-XuKb9thiBgsUWqXCqyJkNP5dPhPqW4CA/s1600/spreadsheet.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7l5NG3Yv6PA/VwbmnX43m1I/AAAAAAAAB4k/-XuKb9thiBgsUWqXCqyJkNP5dPhPqW4CA/s200/spreadsheet.png" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">: 2007 Nuno
Pinheiro & David Vignoni & David Miller &</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Johann Ollivier Lapeyre
& Kenneth</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Wimer & Riccardo Iaconelli / KDE / <a href="https://www.gnu.org/copyleft/lgpl.html">LGPL 3</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
You can do so much with the data columns using the “Sort” feature in Excel. Be
sure to use the advanced sort where you can choose primary and secondary
columns on which to sort. Depending on the sort, you can see different patterns
in your data.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Well, now we have our data uploaded to GEDmatch, we have developed
a template message to our matches, and we have some spreadsheets where we can
organize our data in different views. What do we do when we start receiving
e-mail responses from the matches? That’s where Excel again comes into play. And
again, Kitty Cooper comes to our rescue. In her post of <a href="http://blog.kittycooper.com/2014/01/organizing-your-autosomal-dna-information-with-a-spreadsheet/">Jan 17, 2014</a>, Ms. Cooper offers a guest blog post by <a href="http://i4gg.org/conference-speakers/">JimBartlett</a>, “Organizing Your Autosomal Information with
a Spreadsheet” (actually with two spreadsheets.)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As you might have concluded from the topics covered in this
post, understanding <a href="http://isogg.org/wiki/Genetic_genealogy">genetic genealogy</a> is not a walk in the park. The field demands a lot of study and concentrated
effort if you wish to harvest the rich information from DNA testing, including getting the most out of the list of matches you receive. But
from my experience, nothing in my genealogy research has given me the volume of
information that DNA testing has done. It’s just there waiting for me (and you)
to analyze and massage it into a usable format. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A great advantage for anyone interested in exploring how to
use DNA is the large number of on-line resources. The basic go-to site to for
information is The International Society of Genetic Genealogy (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_of_Genetic_Genealogy">ISOGG</a>). In addition to the professionals I mentioned
in this post, be sure to check out <a href="http://www.dnaexplain.com/about/resume.asp">Roberta Estes</a>’ blog, <a href="http://dna-explained.com/">DNAeXplained</a>, for her amazing ability to explain esoteric subjects. <a href="https://www.familytreedna.com/learn/news/emily-aulicino-genetic-genealogy-interview/">Emily Aulicino</a> is another person who is so adept at decoding technical information in her blog, <a href="http://genealem-geneticgenealogy.blogspot.com/">Genealem's Genetic Genealogy</a>, that non-scientists can understand the
concepts.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
I wrote this blog post for those who have been hesitant to
try their hand at incorporating autosomal DNA into their genealogy research and
for those who have tried but got bogged down because they didn’t know the
resources out there to help them.<br />
<br />
categories: DNA </div>
Pat Spearshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12823338581399447865noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3692263915552749403.post-30660218159078321222015-11-16T21:26:00.000-05:002017-02-16T18:14:53.208-05:00Seeing Greece the Best Way<div class="MsoNormal">
One of the greatest joys of the journey to learning family
history is meeting fellow travelers. Never has this come so clear as when we
(my husband and I) visited Greece this September of 2015.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-BZicTjHo3GU/VkpgU42ddzI/AAAAAAAAB1g/G6YM_dnDf_I/s1600/Greek%2Bmap.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-BZicTjHo3GU/VkpgU42ddzI/AAAAAAAAB1g/G6YM_dnDf_I/s320/Greek%2Bmap.JPG" width="306" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Map of Greece
from CIA World Factbook,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 22 August 2013,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gr.html">https://www.cia.gov/library/</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gr.html">publications/the-world-factbook/geos/</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gr.html">gr.html</a>,
Wikimedia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
I first met Margarita Thomakou on genforum.com in 2008
(before the site was purchased by Ancestry) when she responded to my query
about my Greek Flessouras family. In her response, Margarita said she lived in
<a href="http://www.visitgreece.gr/en/main_cities/athens">Athens</a> and enjoyed helping Americans look for their
Greek roots. We e-mailed occasionally over the years, just to keep in touch.
About eight months ago, I let Margarita know that we were planning our first
visit to Greece. She was as excited to welcome us to her country as we were to visit!</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Our tour was part family history, part Greek history and a
whole lot of Hellenic hospitality. Margarita met us at our hotel in Athens, and
we planned our itinerary. First we would go to <a href="http://www.greece.com/destinations/Peloponnese/Arkadia/Village/Pigadakia.html">Pigadakia</a>, the ancestral village of the Flessouras clan,
which is in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a> between <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli,_Greece">Tripoli</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparta_(modern)">Sparta</a>.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-uYAdx7A14H4/Vkpo3st4CjI/AAAAAAAAB1w/zPqmgr3AbPE/s1600/Pigadakia%2Bmap.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="277" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-uYAdx7A14H4/Vkpo3st4CjI/AAAAAAAAB1w/zPqmgr3AbPE/s320/Pigadakia%2Bmap.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">By
Pitichinaccio (Image:Peloponnese relief map-blank.svg) [GFDL </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html), CC BY-SA 3.0</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0), GFDL</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html) or CC BY-SA 3.0</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> (http://creativecommons.org/licenses</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
We had rented a car, and Margarita suggested that we follow
her. It was good to have two cars because sometimes Margarita would have some
business to conduct (she is in the real estate field) while we did some
sight-seeing.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization">The cradle of civilization</a>” is a phrase many of us heard in history class
applied to Greece. The Greeks are very proud of their history, including their
painting, sculpture, theater and poetry. But they have a special reverence, as
Margarita attested to, for the honor, courage, and fighting prowess displayed
over the eras by those who have inhabited the Greek land.<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Our first visit was a day trip out of Athens to the town of Marathon. Many Americans, even those who
participate in running marathons, may not know where the word comes from. Well,
now I do. But first some history. Margarita took us to the site of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Marathon">Battle of Marathon</a> that occurred in 490 B.C. when the outnumbered Athenians
repelled the Persians.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-2x9GTlK228o/Vkpsa5Gg8XI/AAAAAAAAB18/be_Zh6BeseU/s1600/Marathon%2Bbattlefield.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-2x9GTlK228o/Vkpsa5Gg8XI/AAAAAAAAB18/be_Zh6BeseU/s400/Marathon%2Bbattlefield.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The battle field at Marathon as it looks today, <br />
9/6/2015, taken by Bert Schuster</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ZV1R8kx9G8w/Vkps5hWcfMI/AAAAAAAAB2E/_KZOqpunnmU/s1600/Marathon%2Bbattle%2Brelief.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ZV1R8kx9G8w/Vkps5hWcfMI/AAAAAAAAB2E/_KZOqpunnmU/s320/Marathon%2Bbattle%2Brelief.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Battle field relief, taken by Bert <br />
Schuster 9/6/02015</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Then she gestured to a huge <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon,_Greece">hill </a>behind us. This large mound is the final
resting place of the Greek soldiers who gave their lives in the battle.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-MuORVBLnrAk/Vkptv2lxRSI/AAAAAAAAB2M/1fuTaLLq7Tg/s1600/Marathon%2Bmound.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-MuORVBLnrAk/Vkptv2lxRSI/AAAAAAAAB2M/1fuTaLLq7Tg/s320/Marathon%2Bmound.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Burial Mound at Marathon, taken <br />
by Bert Schuster 9/6/2015</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
And how
did the modern marathon come from this historic battle? After the Greek
victory, a messenger was dispatched to take the news to Athens – running all
the way. The modern contest is a little over 26 miles, the same length as the
distance from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon">Marathon to Athens. </a></div>
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<br /></div>
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The day after visiting Marathon, we started our trip to
Pigadakia. The chance to visit one’s ancestral village is a rare and precious gift. Just
before reaching the village, Margarita introduced us to a small restaurant all
by itself on the side of the road, a treasure as it turned out that you would
never find unless you had a wonderful guide. We sat eating and discussing
Pigadakia and the Flessouras clan. A neighboring diner had been listening to
our conversation and pointed out, in Greek of course, another departing diner:
“There, there is a Flessouras.” Well, luck, happenstance and chance are welcome
companions on any ancestor-hunting trip.<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hWLXaBmNnPo/VkpwX7Y4ONI/AAAAAAAAB2Y/C-MLY_a7Hi4/s1600/Pigadakia%2Bstreet%2Bblue%2Bdoor.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hWLXaBmNnPo/VkpwX7Y4ONI/AAAAAAAAB2Y/C-MLY_a7Hi4/s400/Pigadakia%2Bstreet%2Bblue%2Bdoor.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Street in Pigadakia, taken by<br />
Bert Schuster, 9/6/2015</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Margarita followed the man thus described and struck up a
conversation. And most certainly, the gentleman was a Flessouras from
Pigadakia! He came with us to show us the small village and talk about his
family tree. As of right now, my Flessouras tree is short – it starts with my
great grandfather, Peter (Panoyiotis.) I am still working on going further
back.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-_UolfjD-gBI/Vkpw4kXxkII/AAAAAAAAB2g/jFTNnX0U53o/s1600/Pigadakia%2Bshrine.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-_UolfjD-gBI/Vkpw4kXxkII/AAAAAAAAB2g/jFTNnX0U53o/s400/Pigadakia%2Bshrine.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Street in Pigadakia leading to small <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandylakia">shrine</a>, <br />
taken by Bert Schuster 9/6/2015</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
After Pigadakia, we headed to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mani_Peninsula">Mani</a>, Margarita’s ancestral homeland. She is
proud to be from Maniot stock, and she knows the history of the land.<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-4Ew5SmR8xE4/Vkpxb5yBu9I/AAAAAAAAB2o/5d3lRTM95sk/s1600/Mani%2Bmap.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-4Ew5SmR8xE4/Vkpxb5yBu9I/AAAAAAAAB2o/5d3lRTM95sk/s320/Mani%2Bmap.JPG" width="271" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;">By al-Qamar
(File:Peloponnese relief map-blank.svg)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> [GFDL
(http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html)],</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> via Wikimedia Commons<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
We saw a
lot of historical towns and villages, but two places stand out in my mind.<br />
<br />
First, is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areopoli">Aeropolis</a> (see map above), where, as Margarita
told us proudly, the Greek War of Independence started in 1821. We stood in the
very square where Petros Pierrakos (his birth name), later known as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petros_Mavromichalis" title="Petros Mavromichalis">Petros or Petrobey Mavromichalis</a>, declared war
on the <a href="http://www.britannica.com/place/Ottoman-Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> which had ruled Greece since <a href="http://www.ahistoryofgreece.com/turkish.htm">1453</a>. In addition to the historical significance of Aeropolis, the village has much
natural beauty and traditional houses. <br />
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-_zo9N-un-dQ/VkpyrvRqZ-I/AAAAAAAAB2w/gm7nQ07-i9Q/s1600/Petrobey%2BAreopoli.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-_zo9N-un-dQ/VkpyrvRqZ-I/AAAAAAAAB2w/gm7nQ07-i9Q/s400/Petrobey%2BAreopoli.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Petrobey, a Greek Hero, <br />
in Aeropolis taken <br />
by Bert Schuster <span style="font-size: xx-small;">9/9/2015</span><br />
<br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-K0rD_H6m0H0/VkpzpnDz8_I/AAAAAAAAB24/YNGrPimrW3s/s1600/Aeropolis%2Bstreet.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-K0rD_H6m0H0/VkpzpnDz8_I/AAAAAAAAB24/YNGrPimrW3s/s400/Aeropolis%2Bstreet.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Typical Aeropolis street, taken by<br />
Bert Schuster<span style="font-size: xx-small;"> 9/9/2015</span><br />
<br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-dyQy2XdbTUQ/Vkp0c_qMsOI/AAAAAAAAB3E/Zt1qBmgi93E/s1600/Aeropolis%2Bstill%2Blife.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-dyQy2XdbTUQ/Vkp0c_qMsOI/AAAAAAAAB3E/Zt1qBmgi93E/s400/Aeropolis%2Bstill%2Blife.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Still life, Aeropolis, taken<br />
by Bert Schuster<span style="font-size: xx-small;"> 9/9/2015</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
A second Mani destination with fascinating history was
<a href="http://www.greece.com/destinations/Peloponnese/Laconia/Settlement/Vathia.html">Vathia</a> with its breathtaking sea views, century-old
towers standing proudly next to new models, and acres of carefully dug terraces
by farmers of old.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ZpjcGPMWA7I/VkqLNrOeKPI/AAAAAAAAB3U/D0SxvrfVwn8/s1600/Vathia%2Bview.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ZpjcGPMWA7I/VkqLNrOeKPI/AAAAAAAAB3U/D0SxvrfVwn8/s400/Vathia%2Bview.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sea view from Vathia, taken by<br />Bert Schuster 9/9/2015</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Margarita explained that the <a href="http://travelphoto.gr/en/vatheia-lakonian-mani-vathia/">towers</a> were built not only to protect the
residents of Vathia from attacks from foreigners but also from the onslaughts
of feuding neighbors.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Esq7DRKrHNc/VkqLmSWZ2aI/AAAAAAAAB3c/glHfFlgG-2w/s1600/Vathia%2Btowers%2Bterraces.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Esq7DRKrHNc/VkqLmSWZ2aI/AAAAAAAAB3c/glHfFlgG-2w/s400/Vathia%2Btowers%2Bterraces.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Towers and terraces of Vathia, taken by<br />Bert Schuster 9/9/2015</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
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After a few days of sightseeing, it was time for some rest
and relaxation. Margarita took us to her favorite beach and hotel in this part
of the Mani, the <a href="http://alkion-apartments.gr/en/">Alkion Hotel/Apartments </a>owned by Yannis Bechrakis.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-HX_dP0DiO0k/VkqMiZtO1MI/AAAAAAAAB3k/0-DvRVDGabs/s1600/Alkion%2Bbeach.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-HX_dP0DiO0k/VkqMiZtO1MI/AAAAAAAAB3k/0-DvRVDGabs/s320/Alkion%2Bbeach.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Beach in front of Alkion<br />Hotel/Apartments, taken<br />by Bert Schuster 9/10/2015</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
What
a paradise! After a day at the beach or visiting nearby scenic/historical
attractions, you have only a short drive to <a href="http://www.greecetravel.com/peloponessos/gythion/">Gythio </a>with its choice of restaurants.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Our week in the Peloponnese with Margarita came to an end
all too soon. We left her to finish her business in the Mani, and we took off
to <a href="http://www.visitgreece.gr/en/main_cities/nafplio">Napflio</a> and then to the islands of <a href="http://www.greektravel.com/greekislands/naxos/">Naxos</a>, <a href="http://www.visitgreece.gr/en/greek_islands/santorini">Santorini</a>, and <a href="http://www.greecetravel.com/rhodes/">Rhodes. </a></div>
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<br /></div>
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Two weeks
later on our last day in Athens, Margarita had a surprise for us. She took us
to her favorite hair salon which is located in the upscale <a href="http://divanicaravelhotel.com/">Divani Caravel Hotel</a>.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-wOeuF5i7xRY/VkqPUrWZKeI/AAAAAAAAB3w/lqBMHIhYQUQ/s1600/Divani%2BCaravel%2BHotel%2BAthens.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-wOeuF5i7xRY/VkqPUrWZKeI/AAAAAAAAB3w/lqBMHIhYQUQ/s320/Divani%2BCaravel%2BHotel%2BAthens.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">Hotel Divani
Caravel, </span><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/127226743@N02/" style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;" title="Go to Dimitris Kamaras's photostream">Dimitris Kamaras</a><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">, <br />August 21,
2015, Vasileos Alexandrou<br /> st., Athens, Greece, Flickr.com.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
Bert and I spent the next two hours in the hands of the talented staff of
Yannis’ Salon:<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Yannis -- the transformer of women, the man who makes
music and miracles with his scissors.<br />
<br />
Anna -- the lady with the colors and the styles right from the red carpet<br />
<br />
Kostas -- the master barber who gave Bert the shave of his life</div>
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<br /></div>
After this fabulous trip to Greece, I came away with a new
awareness of my Greek heritage and with
a wonderful Greek friend.Pat Spearshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12823338581399447865noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3692263915552749403.post-41290762799898021752015-08-25T18:25:00.003-04:002017-02-16T18:14:53.251-05:00Destination: Greece<div class="MsoNormal">
Well, the time for our departure to Greece is coming closer. Now
we’re getting out the checklists to be sure we have everything we need for a
comfortable trip, including medicines, electronics, and travel clothes. But
what helped us reach this point where we feel nearly ready to head for Athens?<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-dfAp3PCZXOQ/VdX8esZSOnI/AAAAAAAABz0/UNkMS6wrOWc/s1600/Athens%2Baerial.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="267" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-dfAp3PCZXOQ/VdX8esZSOnI/AAAAAAAABz0/UNkMS6wrOWc/s400/Athens%2Baerial.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">By Gilberto Gaudio
from Rome, Italy (Athens (Greece))<br /> [CC BY-SA 2.0
(http://creativecommons.org/<br />licenses/by-sa/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
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<br />
First of all, this is not just a tourist trip but also a
heritage journey. <a href="http://hidefgen.com/about/thomas-macentee/">Thomas MacEntee</a> explains what heritage travel is in his
web article “<a href="http://flip-pal.com/heritage-travel/">You Can Go Home Again</a>.” I am taking this trip in part to visit the home village of my Greek great
grandfather, Peter Flesouras. He was born in a small village in the middle of
the Peloponnese: <a href="http://buk.gr/en/poli-perioxi/pigadakia-1">Pigadakia</a>, Tripoli, Arcadia, just a small dot in the mountains
where he and his family herded sheep and goats. Pigadakia is 15 miles (24.3 Km) south of Tripoli.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-R5OY58Kvpu4/VdX9CFVCU2I/AAAAAAAABz8/Q_UCzL7al7I/s1600/PeloponnesosMap.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-R5OY58Kvpu4/VdX9CFVCU2I/AAAAAAAABz8/Q_UCzL7al7I/s400/PeloponnesosMap.png" width="201" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">"PeloponnesosMap".
Licensed under Public Domain</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> via Wikimedia Commons -
https://commons.wikimedia.org/</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">wiki/File:PeloponnesosMap.png#/media/File:PeloponnesosMap.png<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
My first step in preparation for the heritage part of the
trip (as I described in my<a href="http://spearspat.blogspot.com/2015/02/wanted-greek-research-guidance.html"> Feb 6, 2015</a> post) was to find and hire a heritage guide to search for existing Flessouras
records and possible living relatives. Through connections on the Facebook Hellenic Genealogy Resources group, I was introduced to Marina Harami, and we have been working together for
several months. It has been frustrating for her because the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_government-debt_crisis">economic situation </a> in the country has hit most sectors including the registry offices, church
offices and other research centers. Staff has been reduced or put on really limited
schedules, which makes it very hard to reach anyone and to try to locate
information. But she has persevered, and we may have some success yet.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
For my part, I have contacted Americans with the surname
Flessouras on Facebook. Since this is a rare Greek surname and all the people
of this name hale from the same area of Arcadia, we probably are related, but
we don’t yet know how. Some of these Americans of the Flessouras name have
relatives in Greece, and I have arranged to meet two of them.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Along with planning for the heritage side of our trip, we
are also preparing for the tourist part. If you are considering a trip to
Greece and are looking for travel guides, my husband and I have found three in print and on-line that we recommend. First, is <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Rick-Steves-Greece-Athens-Peloponnese/dp/1612385478">Rick Steves’ Greece Athens & The Peloponnese</a>.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-IbOumos5RHY/Vdkwg0NE0wI/AAAAAAAAB0Q/KqZDgKqTjy4/s1600/Rick%2BSteves.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-IbOumos5RHY/Vdkwg0NE0wI/AAAAAAAAB0Q/KqZDgKqTjy4/s320/Rick%2BSteves.JPG" width="211" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Steves" title="en:Rick Steves"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Rick Steves</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> at the Mountain Hostel, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimmelwald" title="en:Gimmelwald">Gimmelwald</a>,<br /> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland" title="en:Switzerland"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Switzerland</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">, 20 July 2007, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Thisisbossi" title="User:Thisisbossi"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Andrew
Bossi</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">, Wikimedia.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
My readers may remember how much we relied on
Mr. Steves’ book on <i><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Rick-Steves-Eastern-Europe/dp/1631210548/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1439938131&sr=1-1&keywords=rick+steves+eastern+europe+2015">Eastern Europe</a></i> to
guide us through the Czech Republic and to help make our trip more rewarding
and memorable. We especially like the walking tours, complete with “concise and
simple” “black-and-white” (p. 495) maps, to introduce each destination. My
husband describes Steves’ books as full of practical, everyday necessary
information.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<br />
One of my husband’s favorite books is <i><a href="http://www.insightguides.com/product/insight-guides-greece/9781780051291">Insight Guides Greece</a> </i>with its stunning color photographs of
natural beauty, icons, and monuments. He says this guide has the best
photographs and maps and comprehensive coverage of culture, history and
geography. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The third guide that I found very engaging on the subject of
the Greek islands is by <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Discover-Greek-Islands-Editions-Haitalis/dp/B005CJ0RDE">D. Haitalis: Discover the Greek Islands</a>. This book delivers with stunning photographs, that make
you want to fly tomorrow. It also has a brief history and sightseeing section
for each island accompanied by small maps. For more detailed information on the
islands, I would pair this book with the <i>Insight
Guide</i> referred to above.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Just by luck and the grace of google, I came across <i>Max Barrett’s </i>(online) <i><a href="http://www.greektravel.com/">Greece Guides</a></i>. What a treasure trove of information! Mr. Barrett arranges his site as a
virtual book with chapters ranging from “Matt’s Essential Greece Info” and
“Honeymoon in Greece” to “Travel Agents & Tours.” This is where we found one of the best
discoveries in our travel planning: <a href="http://www.fantasytravelofgreece.com/">Fantasy Travel</a>.<br />
<br />
Many of you may be familiar with working with travel agents and arranging
tours. Throughout most of our travel, we have created our own itineraries as we
are doing for the Peloponnese. But for the island part of the trip, we decided
to work with a tour company. The first step in working with Fantasy Travel was to figure out which islands we wanted to visit and in what order on what dates. After looking through our travel guides, Bert and I came up with this itinerary.<br />
<br />
First we will visit Naxos:<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-jOEzRxzxw8M/VdkyR4VLzII/AAAAAAAAB0k/dlsY778B5dU/s1600/Naxos%2Bbeach.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-jOEzRxzxw8M/VdkyR4VLzII/AAAAAAAAB0k/dlsY778B5dU/s320/Naxos%2Bbeach.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">"Naxos8"
by Ildebrando - Own work. Licensed under</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons -
https://commons.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Naxos8.jpg#/media/File:Naxos8.jpg<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
How could one miss the island described by in the <i>Insight Guide</i> as:<br />
"the largest, loftiest and most magnificent of the Cyclades, replete with high, windswept ridges, long beaches, remote villages, ancient ruins, medieval monasteries or towers, and a fascinating history." (p. 249)<br />
<br />
Next on our island tour will be Santorini or Thira as it is known in Greece. In his book <i>Greece Athens & the Peloponnese</i>, Rick Steves calls Santorini "one of the Mediterranean's most dramatic islands..." and goes on to say "...this unique place has captured visitors' imaginations for millennia...." and is "...one of Greece's most scenic spots." (p. 429)<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-HgB8nYt7x4k/Vdk3z5CTmmI/AAAAAAAAB00/eWGK89ALJhU/s1600/Santorini.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-HgB8nYt7x4k/Vdk3z5CTmmI/AAAAAAAAB00/eWGK89ALJhU/s320/Santorini.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Santorini Scene by
Understandingmedia13 (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
I am excited because the island is what was left from a volcanic eruption around 1630 B.C. (p. 450) For fans of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeii">Pompeii</a>, one can visit the city of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akrotiri_(Santorini)">Akrotiri</a> that was buried under ash and was unearthed in 1967.<br />
<br />
The final island we will visit is Rhodes.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-iEtpAjhrW6k/VdznG4DdprI/AAAAAAAAB1I/Zc2oHciVmFA/s1600/Rhodes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-iEtpAjhrW6k/VdznG4DdprI/AAAAAAAAB1I/Zc2oHciVmFA/s400/Rhodes.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Acropolis of Lindos on Rhodes by Norbert
Nagel, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mörfelden-Walldorf, Germany (Own work)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> [CC BY-SA 3.0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
I found great information about Rhodes and all the islands in <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Frommers-Greek-Islands-Complete-Guides/dp/1118096029">Frommer's </a><i><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Frommers-Greek-Islands-Complete-Guides/dp/1118096029">Greek Islands</a>, </i>our last print pick.<br />
What does Rhodes have to offer? Here's what Frommer's has to say:<br />
<br />
"A location at the intersection of the East and West propelled the island into the thick of both commerce and conflicts. The scars left by its rich and turbulent history have become its treasures. Hellenistic Greeks, Romans, Crusader Knights, Turks, Italians -- all invaders who brought some destruction but also left behind fascinating artifacts." (p. 332)<br />
<br />
In addition to detailed descriptions of the islands, the book also contains 60 pages on exploring Athens.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Once we had our schedule of islands to visit, we simply e-mailed this to Fantasy Travel. They
arranged our rental car and all hotels on the three islands we are visiting. Then they set up connections by ferry and air from
one island to the other. Someone from Fantasy Travel will be meeting us at the
airport. What royal treatment! It makes me feel like this:<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-6AHCm4ouFzU/VdkxVjGFTQI/AAAAAAAAB0Y/muBJQHO2tqc/s1600/Queen%2BEliz.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="228" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-6AHCm4ouFzU/VdkxVjGFTQI/AAAAAAAAB0Y/muBJQHO2tqc/s320/Queen%2BEliz.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">HM Queen
Elizabeth II arrives in Perth, Australia for CHOGM,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> taken by Andrew Taylor, Oct
26, 2011, Creative Commons, flickr.com.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
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Traveling for heritage and/or tourist reasons can be made
easier and more productive with the help of excellent heritage guides, travel books,
tour companies and websites. I’ll have a lot more to share when I return from
Greece.<br />
<br />
Categories: genealogy tools, genealogy professional</div>
Pat Spearshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12823338581399447865noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3692263915552749403.post-45994733132504752582015-07-06T16:42:00.000-04:002017-02-16T18:14:53.269-05:00Grave Disturbance in Early Chicago Cemeteries<div class="MsoNormal">
It always amazes me what a rich resource we have in the
genealogy community-- the people who generously share the information they work
so hard to find. I am continually on the lookout for information on my Irish
Chicago ancestors. Any records of these people from the nineteenth century are
a godsend! </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A few years back, I heard about the removal of many of the early
Irish interred in the late 1800s in the <a href="http://www.catholiccemeterieschicago.org/history.php">Old Catholic Cemetery</a> in north Chicago to
the new <a href="http://www.catholiccemeterieschicago.org/history.php">Calvary Cemetery</a>. I can’t remember which part of the genealogy
community clued me into this resource. Did I hear this from the Chicago
Genealogy group on Facebook or the <a href="http://lists.rootsweb.ancestry.com/index/usa/IL/cook.html">Cook County message board </a>or from one of my dear
genealogy friends and mentors? I’m not sure of the origin of this record
description, but I do remember accessing some names of the “removed” and writing
them down.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-RGObQe3AiwY/VZrPSsUaOWI/AAAAAAAABx8/bGVkkdLZTFU/s1600/HW%2BRemovals%2B002.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-RGObQe3AiwY/VZrPSsUaOWI/AAAAAAAABx8/bGVkkdLZTFU/s400/HW%2BRemovals%2B002.jpg" width="310" /></a></div>
<br />
As we often do with research, I put this list away and forgot about
it.</div>
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</div>
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Recently I have been researching my Carney/Duffy family
again and re-discovered this Old Catholic Cemetery Removal list of names. What a potential goldmine this was. Since
recording the names, I have identified more cohort families. I wanted to take a
fresh look at the source of this list with the benefit of my additional
knowledge. Some questions came to mind:</div>
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</div>
<ol>
<li>Where exactly was the Old Catholic Cemetery?</li>
<li>When was it founded?</li>
<li>Why were the bodies removed?</li>
<li>What other persons of interest to me might be listed in
addition to those I had listed?</li>
</ol>
I began investigating. First, I needed to return to the
source from which I had copied the names. This was an article “Index to Part I of
Removals to Calvary Cemetery,” published in the <i><a href="http://www.newberry.org/chicago-genealogist">Chicago Genealogist</a></i>, the journal of the <a href="http://www.chicagogenealogy.org/index.html">Chicago Genealogical Society</a> , Vol. 32 No. 2 Winter 1999-2000. I was very fortunate that a digitized copy of
this article was now on the Internet, courtesy of the <a href="http://www.newberry.org/">Newberry Library</a>. (Note
that in the digitized list of volumes, there is no table of contents. For that,
you need to go to the Chicago Genealogical Society.)<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-GwnZ6rxcibg/VZrRHgusy3I/AAAAAAAAByI/aCHX05X2zD8/s1600/Newberry%2BLibrary.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-GwnZ6rxcibg/VZrRHgusy3I/AAAAAAAAByI/aCHX05X2zD8/s320/Newberry%2BLibrary.jpg" width="239" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Newberry
Library, TonyTheTiger, 2007, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">CC-BY-SA-3</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.5-2.0-1.0),
Wikimedia Commons.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
To continue my search at the Newberry site home page, I clicked on the menu tab “Research.” Then I followed these steps:
When the menu drops down; click on “Digital Resources and Publications.” Scroll
down the page until you see “Chicago Genealogist” and click on it. When the next page comes up, click again on <span style="color: #4f81bd; mso-themecolor: accent1;">Chicago Genealogist.</span> In the
search box, I typed “Vol 31 No 2.” The next step is to click on the dropdown
menu next to “view” and highlight “complete print version.” Then a <a href="http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/Portable-Document-Format-PDF">PDF </a> of the complete journal contents appears,
and you can search the Table of Contents for articles of interest.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As I scanned the Table of Contents, I saw “Old Catholic Cemetery”
Records by <a href="http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2009-12-20/news/0912190260_1_cemeteries-gravestone-studies-lincoln-park-zoo">Helen Sclair</a>. In this article Ms. Sclair answered my first two questions:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Q: Where exactly was the Old Catholic Cemetery and when was it
founded?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Ms. Sclair: <i>“In 1843, a cemetery complex was begun near
Clark Street and North Avenue. The city of Chicago opened 60 acres for the ‘City Cemetery’, north of North Avenue and
east of Green Bay Road (now Clark Street). The Catholic Church consecrated one
block: Dearborn, east to State Street, and North Avenue, south to approximately
Burton. Eventually both of these cemeteries would expand, the City’s to 120
acres and the Catholics’ to 5+ city blocks.” (p. 51)</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I also learned that from 1858 people began making efforts to
stop any more burials and any further expansion of these cemeteries. I presumed
that this was because the city was growing and needed the land. A second reason
could be that this burial area was very close to Lake Michigan which could cause water issues. But I wanted to
make sure that I was on the right track. That’s where my third question came
in: <i>Why were the bodies removed? </i>Professor<i> </i><a href="http://www.art.northwestern.edu/programs/faculty/bannos.html">Pamela Bannos</a> answers this question in her website: “<a href="http://hiddentruths.northwestern.edu/home.html">Hidden Truths: The Chicago City Cemetery and Lincoln Park</a>”:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
One of the most important reasons to move
the cemeteries, according to Bannos, was that the land near Lake Michigan was
below the water table.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tt-ubugO1LU/VZrVEteJdnI/AAAAAAAAByU/Zon56m-m0ic/s1600/Map%2BLake%2BMichigan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tt-ubugO1LU/VZrVEteJdnI/AAAAAAAAByU/Zon56m-m0ic/s640/Map%2BLake%2BMichigan.jpg" width="404" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">By United States Geological Survey<br /> [Public domain], <br />via Wikimedia Commons</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
A concern at the time was that bacteria from decaying
bodies could contaminate the city’s drinking water. Also when graves were dug, water would often times fill the burial pit. Another reason was that the
citizens of the fast growing city decided that building a park (<a href="http://www.chicagoparkdistrict.com/history/city-in-a-garden/lincoln-park/">Lincoln Park</a>) for the living could be more
advantageous than using the land for housing the departed.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ptKuAxdVeJg/VZrWAfi5rlI/AAAAAAAAByk/EqjnrOG3pI4/s1600/Lincoln%2BPark.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="206" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ptKuAxdVeJg/VZrWAfi5rlI/AAAAAAAAByk/EqjnrOG3pI4/s400/Lincoln%2BPark.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Miriam
and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Photography
Collection, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The New York Public Library. "Lincoln Park,
Chicago." </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The New York Public Library Digital Collections.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47e0-5bf2-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99">http://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47e0-5bf2-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Professor Bannos provides more historical background and
maps of the old Catholic Cemetery on the section of her site “<a href="http://hiddentruths.northwestern.edu/surveys_lots/catholic.html">Mapping theCemeteries: Catholic Cemetery</a>.” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Now if asked “How does your country handle the deceased?”
many of us would answer that there is great respect for the dead in our culture
as evidenced by our funeral system and manicured cemeteries. But if we look a
little deeper we find, at least in the instance of the early Chicago
cemeteries, that concern for the departed sometimes gives way to the desires
and needs of the living. On her site, Professor Bannos provides an eye-opening
chronology of what happened to the remains of those buried in these early
Chicago graveyards. She does this by presenting news articles from the time
period. </div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
An article from the <i>Chicago
Daily Tribune</i> issue of August 15, 1876 “<a href="http://hiddentruths.northwestern.edu/confusion/disinters/cath_disinters.html">Sad Scenes in a Cemetery</a>”, truly captures the disregard given to the
interred in the Old Catholic Cemetery as they are removed “…with a degree of
recklessness almost criminal in its disrespect for the dead the laborers
employed in the exhumation have scattered the remains of the late lamented all
through the field.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The whole removal process seemed slipshod from the first.
Was it known exactly how many bodies were in the cemetery and exactly where
they were buried? Was it a case of disrespect, indifference, lack of time, or
poor records or a mixture of all three that caused many bodies to be left in their watery graves? What is known is that over the years
and even up until this decade, bodies keep appearing when digging is done in
the area. These occurrences Bannos has chronicled through more Tribune
articles in the section "<a href="http://hiddentruths.northwestern.edu/catholic_cem/findings.html">Hidden Truths: Catholic Cemetery</a>." </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Now that I had learned about the history of the Old Catholic
Cemetery, I wanted to return to the list of names of those who were fortunate
enough to actually be removed and reburied in Calvary Cemetery. As I looked
down the list, I saw the usual suspects: Carney/Kearney, Duffy, Cosgrave
(Cosgrove), Devine, McKenna, Ryan, Sweeney, and Ward. This was another
indication that these people were part of a community. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This confirmation of the relationship of these families went along with the new information that I had recently found from studying
<a href="http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/collections/maps/chifire/">pre-Chicago Fire maps</a>, the <a href="http://chicagoancestors.org/#tab-tools">1870 Chicago Directory and Census</a> and the <a href="https://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Illinois_Census">1870Chicago Illinois US Census</a>. These records showed that members of
the Carney, Duffy, Cosgrove, Devine, Sweeney and Ward families lived near each
other on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_North_Side,_Chicago">Near North Side</a> streets of Ohio, Illinois and Indiana.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-fAE5ziQUjos/VZrgeqHqeSI/AAAAAAAABzY/KV5jdRQW4P8/s1600/Streeterville%2Bmap2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="453" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-fAE5ziQUjos/VZrgeqHqeSI/AAAAAAAABzY/KV5jdRQW4P8/s640/Streeterville%2Bmap2.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;">By
OpenStreetMap and edited by w:User:TonyTheTigerOpenStreetMap contributors</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> [CC
BY-SA 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0) via Wikimedia Commons<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
On a final note, to get a great narrative and summary of
Professor Bannos’ project, “Hidden Truths: The Chicago City Cemetery and
Lincoln Park,” check out the article by Jessica Curry “<a href="http://www.chicagolife.net/content/chicago/What_Lies_Beneath_Lincoln_Park">What Lies BeneathLincoln Park</a>” in <i><a href="http://www.chicagolife.net/">Chicago Life Magazine</a></i>.<br />
<br />
Categories: genealogy community, genealogy tools</div>
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<br /></div>
Pat Spearshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12823338581399447865noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3692263915552749403.post-29397733936079776742015-05-17T17:26:00.000-04:002017-02-16T18:14:53.200-05:00Getting Carded at the Library of Congress<div class="MsoNormal">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-DD81I01XqQo/VVj51JFl6_I/AAAAAAAABwQ/4mLyYlJLkI8/s1600/Library%2Bof%2BCongress%2BFront2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="241" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-DD81I01XqQo/VVj51JFl6_I/AAAAAAAABwQ/4mLyYlJLkI8/s320/Library%2Bof%2BCongress%2BFront2.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">United States, West Front, right wing, </span><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:TheAgency" title="User:TheAgency"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">CJStumpf</span></a><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">, 2007, Wikimedia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
In February of this year (2015) our close friends from
California invited my husband and me to join them in Washington, D.C. for Spring
Break (April 6-11.) Seeing our friends, the cherry blossoms, and several Washington
museums were great draws. But as a family researcher, I was tantalized by the
prospect of visiting the <a href="http://www.loc.gov/">Library of Congress</a> for the first time. As it happened, there was a
book I needed that was at the Library of Congress.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
During my research on the Hanneman family line (see my post
of <a href="http://spearspat.blogspot.com/2015/04/tracking-hanneman-family-uncovering.html">April 4, 2015</a>),
I found that the <a href="http://www.ngsgenealogy.org/">National Genealogical Society’s </a> (NGS) Annual Conference in 1997 had been held in
Pennsylvania.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-8jLzGlzhy2Y/VVj8higOUvI/AAAAAAAABwY/H6NhEzRsH9s/s1600/NGS%2Blogo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-8jLzGlzhy2Y/VVj8higOUvI/AAAAAAAABwY/H6NhEzRsH9s/s320/NGS%2Blogo.jpg" width="313" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Image from
page 4 of "National Genealogical Society quarterly"</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> (1912), National
Genealogical Society,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> nationalgenealog19131917nati, Internet Archive Book
Images<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
A google search led me to worldcat.org which showed that the
Library of Congress has a copy of this conference syllabus. Having attended NGS
conferences in the past two years, I know how much information can be found in
the syllabus. NGS always includes several workshops devoted to the city/state
that is hosting the conference. I might find some real gems about Pennsylvania.
So now I had a research need.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I have been accessing the <a href="http://www.loc.gov/library/libarch-digital.html">Library of Congress Digital Collections</a> section of the catalog at home to find wonderful photos for my
blog. But I have never been actually in this historic building. Now was my
chance. Since this was mostly a trip to see friends and go sightseeing, I
didn’t really have time to prepare to do research. Usually I carefully study
the museum/library/society that I will be visiting. This time I just checked
the hours of operation and had the one resource that I wanted to request. This
lack of planning almost proved to be my undoing and led to a few unwelcome surprises.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-sR25X6QAVa8/VVj-u90evWI/AAAAAAAABwk/20UriNLdv_k/s1600/surprised%2Blook.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-sR25X6QAVa8/VVj-u90evWI/AAAAAAAABwk/20UriNLdv_k/s320/surprised%2Blook.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What????, <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/tripphotogallery/" title="Go to Robbie Grubbs's photostream">Robbie Grubbs</a>, 2009, flickr.com<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
We arrived at the main (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Building">Jefferson</a>) building of the Library
of Congress in the early afternoon. First we took a tour of the building, and this was when
we had our first surprise. The guide told us we could look down at the <a href="http://www.loc.gov/rr/main/">Library of Congress Main Reading Room </a>from the balcony but that only
researchers could actually enter the room.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-2HG0tR-AeQY/VVkA9TpE8ZI/AAAAAAAABww/08XW7ITyhyk/s1600/LOC_Main_Reading_Room_Highsmith.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="213" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-2HG0tR-AeQY/VVkA9TpE8ZI/AAAAAAAABww/08XW7ITyhyk/s320/LOC_Main_Reading_Room_Highsmith.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Main Reading
Room of the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="w:Library of Congress"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Library
of Congress</span></a><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> in
the</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Building" title="w:Thomas Jefferson Building"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Thomas Jefferson Building</span></a><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">, Carol M. Highsmith, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">LC-DIG-highsm-11604, Wikimedia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
In addition, the guide continued, a
researcher could only access the room if he/she had a reader’s card. After the
tour, I went to the information desk to ask where I could get a reader’s card.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Then came the second surprise. The staff member said that
you had to go to the neighboring <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison_Memorial_Building">Madison Building</a>,<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-V-Zl1h30ryE/VVkBUIm4AsI/AAAAAAAABw4/ssKLjHGNozY/s1600/Madison%2BBuilding_by_Carol_M._Highsmith%2B(1).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="174" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-V-Zl1h30ryE/VVkBUIm4AsI/AAAAAAAABw4/ssKLjHGNozY/s320/Madison%2BBuilding_by_Carol_M._Highsmith%2B(1).jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison_Memorial_Building" title="en:James Madison Memorial Building"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">James Madison Memorial Building</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> of the<br /> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="en:Library of Congress"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Library
of Congress</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">, Carol M. Highsmith,<br /> 2011, Wikimedia</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
to the <a href="http://www.loc.gov/rr/readerregistration.html">Reader Registration Station</a> to apply for a Reader Identification
Card. In order to get to the Madison Building, we were sent to the <a href="http://untappedcities.com/2014/07/25/the-underground-city-beneath-the-u-s-capitol-and-library-of-congress/">tunnel</a> that joins the two buildings. The walk
took about 10 minutes. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Q30V5GqY3IE/VVkCpzImhqI/AAAAAAAABxA/xv9htgl2ENU/s1600/tunnnel%2BLOC.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Q30V5GqY3IE/VVkCpzImhqI/AAAAAAAABxA/xv9htgl2ENU/s320/tunnnel%2BLOC.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Underground
Passage, Tunnels connecting all main buildings</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> of the Library of Congress, </span><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/lilyinsingapore/" title="Go to LilyyyB's photostream"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">LilyyyB</span></a><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">, 2012,
flickr.com<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Once you get to the Station, the process of getting the
card takes about 20-30 minutes, depending on the number of patrons waiting.
With our newly minted cards in hand, we trudged back through the tunnel. I was
so excited to actually be on my way to the Reading Room at last.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-UTr0fQg8t4A/VVkFBY0hq4I/AAAAAAAABxM/8_Hmp-pQPcg/s1600/entrance%2Bmain%2Breading%2Broom%2BLOC.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-UTr0fQg8t4A/VVkFBY0hq4I/AAAAAAAABxM/8_Hmp-pQPcg/s320/entrance%2Bmain%2Breading%2Broom%2BLOC.jpg" width="179" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Library of
Congress Main Reading Room</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Entrance, <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/brownpau/" title="Go to brownpau's photostream">brownpau</a>, 2013, flickr.com <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
The last stop before the Reading Room is the <a href="http://www.loc.gov/visit/maps-and-floor-plans/jefferson-building-first-floor/">Researcher’s Entrance </a> where you sign in.<br />
When you step through the
door, you are actually in the anteroom that now serves as the <a href="http://www.loc.gov/rr/genealogy/">Local History andGenealogy Room </a> which adjoins the Main Reading Room. I was fortunate to find a reference
librarian able to assist me in looking up the resource I needed. He introduced
me to the <a href="http://catalog2.loc.gov/help/registered.htm">Automated Call Slip</a> on the <a href="http://catalog.loc.gov/">Library of Congress' Online Catalog</a>. You can fill out your own Call Slip on your
laptop or by using the computers in the <a href="http://www.loc.gov/rr/main/ccc.html">Computer Catalog Center</a>, across from the Reader’s Entrance. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The whole
process has been digitized:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<ul>
<li>You request the material online.</li>
<li>The Library of Congress receives the request online.</li>
<li>You are notified online when the material is ready to be
picked up.</li>
</ul>
This is where the third surprise happened. I decided to ask
someone at the information/materials pick-up desk in the Main Reading Room what
average turn-around time is. The answer was from several hours to a full day!!<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-B4xh1beM638/VVkG6fBzfhI/AAAAAAAABxY/z6BfcBPp3R8/s1600/warning%2Bsign.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-B4xh1beM638/VVkG6fBzfhI/AAAAAAAABxY/z6BfcBPp3R8/s200/warning%2Bsign.png" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">New Zealand
road sign Section: Permanent Warning -- </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Miscellaneous Meaning: Other dangers,
UserFry1989, wikimedia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
My experience at the Library of Congress led me to two
caveats for my readers:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<ol>
<li>Get your Reader’s Card early.</li>
<li>Request your material on the Library of Congress’ Online
Catalog using the Automated Call Slip (you must have a Reader’s Card first)
early; if possible, the day <i>before</i>
you want to pick up the material.</li>
</ol>
<br />
The last day of our trip, I was able to pick up my requested
material: The National Genealogical Society 1997 Conference in the States
Program Syllabus, “Pennsylvania Cradle of a Nation.” I had completed the
process.<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
For more information on the Library of Congress' research treasures, view a <a href="http://broadcast.lds.org/elearning/FHD/Community/en/LibraryOfCongress/Pursuing_your_Family_History_in_the_National_Library/Player.html">video</a> at familysearch.org.</div>
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Categories: genealogy tools</div>
Pat Spearshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12823338581399447865noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3692263915552749403.post-71323240203341053492015-04-04T22:11:00.002-04:002017-02-16T18:14:53.321-05:00Tracking the Hanneman Family: Uncovering Local Resources in Pennsylvania <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-vPeUKzg-BgQ/VSBgThnEHAI/AAAAAAAABso/Jog2Nq7T3Ok/s1600/Questions.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-vPeUKzg-BgQ/VSBgThnEHAI/AAAAAAAABso/Jog2Nq7T3Ok/s1600/Questions.jpg" height="248" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Questions, <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/oberazzi/" title="Go to Oberazzi's photostream">Oberazzi</a>, December 9, 2006,
Flickr.com<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Is it Henrietta Hausman or Henrietta Hanneman? What is the
correct spelling of a target ancestor’s name is a question that faces many
researchers. In this case, the person of interest bearing the mystery birth surname
is “Henrietta <i>Hausman or Hanneman </i>Williams
Kreis” who was born in Pennsylvania and became the second wife of my great
grandfather, Henry Kreis. To answer this question, I needed to investigate Pennsylvania
genealogy resources. <br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-y312VtKlV3w/VSBhs0IJLhI/AAAAAAAABsw/52zbOrezafw/s1600/Map_of_Pennsylvania_NA.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-y312VtKlV3w/VSBhs0IJLhI/AAAAAAAABsw/52zbOrezafw/s1600/Map_of_Pennsylvania_NA.png" height="307" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Map of
Pennsylvania, <a href="http://www.nationalatlas.gov/">National Atlas</a>,
public domain, Wikimedia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
In my <a href="http://spearspat.blogspot.com/2011/10/when-to-hire-research-professional.html">Oct 19, 2011 post</a>, I
introduced my readers to Henrietta.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-sbB5o8mr1KY/VSBj8AwlqUI/AAAAAAAABs8/nUCXcYhPzlk/s1600/Henrietta%2BHousmann%2B002.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-sbB5o8mr1KY/VSBj8AwlqUI/AAAAAAAABs8/nUCXcYhPzlk/s1600/Henrietta%2BHousmann%2B002.jpg" height="320" width="267" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Received from granddaughter of Henrietta</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
At that time, I had a theory (this was
early on in my research of this family) that “Hanneman” might be a variant or
misspelling of “Hausmann.” The main reason for this belief was the close
relationship between Henrietta and her father-in-law, John Kreis, that
continued long after her marriage to his son ended in divorce. John had married
two Hausman women; first Mary Hausman and after she died, Margarethe Hausman. Because
of marriage patterns at that time and people having smaller marriage pools, it
is probable that these two women were related. Furthermore, if these two Kreis
wives were related to Henrietta, it would explain why she would include John
Kreis in her household for twenty years.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Another reason in favor of the Hausman spelling is that the
<a href="https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MSQ8-VFR">1900 Chicago, Cook, IL US Census </a> gives Nettie’s (Henrietta) brothers’
surnames as “Housman” which could be a misspelling or an Americanization of
“Hausman.” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I decided that I must delve deeper into family records in
order to make a strong case for the true surname of my great grandfather’s
second wife.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
In my earlier research on the Hanneman/Hausman family, the
seminal document I found was the <a href="https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MN8M-VB2">1880 Newark, Essex, NJ US Census</a>. This showed Henrietta in her birth
family with her parents, Fred and Emma Hannaman (spelling variant of “Hanneman”
in this census) and her siblings.<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-pclspZqm-RQ/VSCYfTaOv8I/AAAAAAAABvM/R-w_J1k3Cj0/s1600/Hanneman%2Bsibs.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-pclspZqm-RQ/VSCYfTaOv8I/AAAAAAAABvM/R-w_J1k3Cj0/s1600/Hanneman%2Bsibs.JPG" height="233" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
In this early research phase on the Hannemans, I had
concentrated on Henrietta, her brothers Charles and Frederick (as she lived
with them in Chicago in 1900) and her twin, Louisa. Somehow brother Henry had slipped
past my scrutiny. In these sibling searches, I found no indication of where in
Pennsylvania any of them were born. Also, I found no Hausman/Houseman connection.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Months went by. In December of 2014, I decided to do some
more research on the Hanneman/Hausman question. I returned again to the sibling
list and realized I had ignored Henry. He
was listed as age 12 in the 1880 Newark, Essex, NJ US Census. I went to Family
Search and searched “Henry Hanneman.” Well, that search turned out to be gold! The
<a href="https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MZ25-QP4">1870 Texas, Wayne, Pennsylvania US Census</a> came up.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Zn9RaJzPlbc/VSCFPySoaJI/AAAAAAAABts/bZmRZBZaP8o/s1600/1870-census%2Bquestionnaire.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Zn9RaJzPlbc/VSCFPySoaJI/AAAAAAAABts/bZmRZBZaP8o/s1600/1870-census%2Bquestionnaire.jpg" height="130" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1870 Census
questions: 1870 Questionnaire,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://www.census.gov/">Census.gov</a> › <a href="http://www.census.gov/history/">History</a> › Image Gallery.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
The household of “FredK and Emma Hannaman” appeared
with two children: Gusta, female age ten and Henry, age one. I had not seen this
census record before. This one document gave me three new pieces of
information:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<ol>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-aAJNbul9Ibs/VSBnSDWwtHI/AAAAAAAABtQ/8TrjgXthiNg/s1600/Carbondale%2C%2BPA.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-aAJNbul9Ibs/VSBnSDWwtHI/AAAAAAAABtQ/8TrjgXthiNg/s1600/Carbondale%2C%2BPA.jpg" height="265" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Carbondale, Pa.,
between 1870 and 1879, <br />Fowler & Bailey, Boston Public Library, Flickr.com.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<li>The birth place in Pennsylvania of Henry (and perhaps the
other children): <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Township,_Wayne_County,_Pennsylvania">Texas, Wayne, PA</a> (Texas township is near <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honesdale,_Pennsylvania">Honesdale</a> and
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbondale,_Pennsylvania">Carbondale</a>, all of which are close to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilkes-Barre,_Pennsylvania">Wilkes-Barre</a> and mentioned in different
family documents.)</li>
</ol>
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-7egI9J5QpmI/VSBmmhDUrNI/AAAAAAAABtI/HAHTsaxKdKM/s1600/Wilkes-Barre_1889%2B(1).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-7egI9J5QpmI/VSBmmhDUrNI/AAAAAAAABtI/HAHTsaxKdKM/s1600/Wilkes-Barre_1889%2B(1).jpg" height="198" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“An old
bird-eye map of Wilkes-Barre,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Pennsylvania, United States”, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1889, Fowler, Downs
& Moyer, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <a href="http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g3824w.pm008720">g3824w.pm008720</a>,
public domain, Wikimedia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div>
This corresponds with what Joan Van Hise Dirner, a
granddaughter of Henry Kreis (and my cousin, now deceased) told me about her
Hanneman family origins in this country. Joan heard a family story that the
Hannemans were in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania at one time before they came to
New Jersey.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
2. The name of another child of Frederick and Emma: Gusta.</div>
<div>
<br />
3.The city/district in Germany where Frederick Sr. was born:
Hanover.<br />
<ol>
</ol>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
This Wayne County, PA census record also told me that the family surname, as far back as 1870, was
“Hannaman”, a spelling variant of “Hanneman.” It looked more and more like
“Hanneman” was the family surname.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
After this lucky break from Henry, I did more research and
found him (in the <a href="https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MG8K-8DL">1910</a> , <a href="https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MFBB-BBK">1920</a> and <a href="https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:XH7C-BYC">1930</a> Wilkes-Barre, Luzerne, PA US Censuses) showing that, unlike his siblings, he
returned to Wilkes-Barre as an adult and lived there the rest of his life.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/--4cFuMWDy40/VSCG4XXGOQI/AAAAAAAABt8/2WZ3savX_eU/s1600/Map_of_Luzerne_County_Pennsylvania_With_Municipal_and_Township_Labels.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/--4cFuMWDy40/VSCG4XXGOQI/AAAAAAAABt8/2WZ3savX_eU/s1600/Map_of_Luzerne_County_Pennsylvania_With_Municipal_and_Township_Labels.png" height="383" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">Map
of Luzerne County, PA, US with township and municipal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"> boundaries from US Census
website</span> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
by<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Ruhrfisch" style="text-align: start;" title="User:Ruhrfisch">User:Ruhrfisch</a>, April 2006,
Wikimedia. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In
the 1910 Wilkes-Barre Census, I found that Henry’s brother, Frederick, was living in his
household and the surname for all was “Hanneman.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Invigorated and
re-energized by my luck with Henry, I wanted to know more about the Hanneman
family. I started my search anew. In ancestry.com under “New York, Passenger
Lists, 1820-1957,” I found a listing for Heinrich Hanemann and his brother
Friedrich, arriving in the US on 13 April 1866. This document was the oldest
and closest to the old country that I had yet seen and thus the strongest
evidence that the surname was indeed “Hanneman.” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Having done so much on-line research, I decided I also needed
to consult some local sources. Since I live at quite a distance from
Pennsylvania, I decided to follow my own advice from my <a href="http://spearspat.blogspot.com/2011/10/when-to-hire-research-professional.html">Oct 19, 2011</a> post: </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“…
when you are doing out of state research, someone actually living in that area
can be very helpful. That person can
visit archives or other record depositories to search for information. An
in-person search is much faster than ordering records by mail. Not all records
have been digitized or are available on the computer. And a local person may
know of places to research in the area that you have not thought of.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Now that I had decided to go local, how did I find a
researcher? A quote from my <a href="http://spearspat.blogspot.com/2013/03/how-would-you-like-to-have-robot-with.html">March 12, 2013</a> post gave me just the information I needed:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“…the next time you are researching an ancestor in <i>a geographic area that is new to you</i>, be
sure to <i>start with the Family Search
Research Wiki</i>. Not only will you find a thorough introduction to many
records and where they are located for your target area, but you never know
what hidden treasures are waiting for you.” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-y0G_kMhQ1Uw/VSCJskzfhEI/AAAAAAAABuM/HuNBKv4cV-8/s1600/FamilySearch.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-y0G_kMhQ1Uw/VSCJskzfhEI/AAAAAAAABuM/HuNBKv4cV-8/s1600/FamilySearch.jpg" height="640" width="476" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Family Search
resources, Diane Cordell, June 25, 2012, Flickr.com<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
First I went to the <a href="https://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Pennsylvania_Genealogy">Pennsylvania State Wiki</a> at <a href="http://familysearch.org/">FamilySearch.org</a>. Half-way down the
page is a map showing all of the counties. To see a wiki on any of the
counties, you simply click on the county name. In my case, I clicked on “Wayne”
as that is where Wilkes Barre is located. Below is a diagram of the county:<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-hWunFaaooto/VSCWBMdpSwI/AAAAAAAABvA/KVSXS5K8HgA/s1600/Map_of_Wayne_County_Pennsylvania_With_Municipal_and_Township_Labels.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-hWunFaaooto/VSCWBMdpSwI/AAAAAAAABvA/KVSXS5K8HgA/s1600/Map_of_Wayne_County_Pennsylvania_With_Municipal_and_Township_Labels.png" height="640" width="284" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Map of Wayne
County, Pennsylvania, United States, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">modified by </span><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Ruhrfisch" title="User:Ruhrfisch"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">User:Ruhrfisch</span></a><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> in April 2006</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> from US Census
website, Wikimedia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On the left side of the Pennsylvania State Wiki page, you
will find a menu bar which lists major topics of interest, including church
records, court records, history, and newspapers among others. But I was looking
for local professional help. The topic “Repositories” caught my attention, and
the subheading “Societies” seemed a
likely place to check.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-XEuZ5HFLnnM/VSBqXsN5KMI/AAAAAAAABtc/aEn6lOFgRXQ/s1600/Wayne%2BCounty%2BPA%2BHistorical%2BMuseum.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-XEuZ5HFLnnM/VSBqXsN5KMI/AAAAAAAABtc/aEn6lOFgRXQ/s1600/Wayne%2BCounty%2BPA%2BHistorical%2BMuseum.jpg" height="167" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Wayne County Historical Society, used by permission</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
The first institution listed is the <a href="http://waynehistorypa.org/library.php">Wayne County HistoricalSociety</a>, located in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honesdale,_Pennsylvania">Honesdale</a>, the birth place of
Henrietta’s brother Henry Hanneman. On the side bar of the first page of this
website, you can click on “<a href="http://waynehistorypa.org/shop/product_info.php?cPath=28&products_id=127">Genealogy</a>,” and you will find the <i>Professional Research
Package</i>. For a $40 fee, you can purchase two hours of research. The website
lists many of the sources available at the Society. I discovered that the site makes it easy to order research
services on-line when I made my request for two hours of research on the
Hannemans. During an e-mail conversation with the researcher, I attached
documents I had already found and a history I had written on the family. Unfortunately,
the researcher could find no additional records of the family’s time in Wayne
County.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-5XKr6QhV-t0/VSCLhn0uaDI/AAAAAAAABuY/PnZeVvVENHM/s1600/Sysifos.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-5XKr6QhV-t0/VSCLhn0uaDI/AAAAAAAABuY/PnZeVvVENHM/s1600/Sysifos.jpg" height="320" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sysiphus, oil
on canvas, 40 x 40, 2014,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Milan Rynt, 15 September 2014, Wikimedia <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As you can see from this post, living far from a state where
your ancestors once lived is not an insurmountable obstacle to research. Local
societies often offer on-site services for a fee. And an easy place to locate
these local institutions is the Family Search Research Wiki. <br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A lesson I re-learned again while doing this research
(Hanneman or Hausman?) is to always check records for each of the siblings in a
family. You never know what you might find. In this case, Henry Hanneman’s
records, a brother of Henrietta, brought me information I had not found from my
research on his brothers and sisters: his birth place in Pennsylvania and most likely the birth place of his siblings.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
In conclusion, in order to answer the question, is it
“Henrietta Hanneman” or “Henrietta Hausman,” I searched for documents on-line
and enlisted the help of local researchers in Pennsylvania. Hanneman (or some
variant such as “Hannaman, Hanaman etc.) appears on every record except the one
census document which listed the family as “Housman.” From all the records I have accumulated, the
evidence strongly suggests that “Hanneman” is Henrietta’s correct surname.<br />
<br />
category: genealogy professional</div>
Pat Spearshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12823338581399447865noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3692263915552749403.post-2192420190197752322015-02-06T17:06:00.000-05:002017-02-16T18:14:53.182-05:00Wanted: Greek Research Guidance<div class="MsoNormal">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OFEfCsxETCA/VNUwBsYw7dI/AAAAAAAABqY/V6N-QYtqzQY/s1600/open%2Bdoor.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OFEfCsxETCA/VNUwBsYw7dI/AAAAAAAABqY/V6N-QYtqzQY/s1600/open%2Bdoor.jpg" height="266" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Irish United Nations Veterans
Association house and</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> memorial garden (Arbour Hill), </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/infomatique/" title="Go to William Murphy's photostream"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">William Murphy</span></a><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">, 2011,</span><span style="background: #F3F5F6; color: #212124; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Creative Commons, flickr.com.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
This is the story of how one resource can open the door to many research tools. It all started because of my Greek ancestors. My husband and I will be headed to Athens in the fall of 2015 for our next family history trip.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-iVuRsf_UNnE/VNUxUtSeRpI/AAAAAAAABqg/bRX-3WikeqY/s1600/Athens_panorama_from_Acropolis_2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-iVuRsf_UNnE/VNUxUtSeRpI/AAAAAAAABqg/bRX-3WikeqY/s1600/Athens_panorama_from_Acropolis_2.jpg" height="108" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Athens. Panorama from
Acropolis towards<br /> northeast and Mount Lycabettus, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Tomisti" title="User:Tomisti"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tomisti</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">, <br />2011, Wikimedia.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
After traveling to the Czech Republic and Switzerland in 2013, I have some experience in getting prepared to make the most of my time in Europe. In my blog post of <a href="http://spearspat.blogspot.com/2013/10/what-heritage-guide-can-do-for-you.html">Oct 30, 2013</a>, I discussed how I found my wonderful Czech heritage guide, Marie Zahn. The unforgettable
trip with Marie to my grandfather’s ancestral village coupled with the
genealogical information that she located before we arrived resulted in a very successful visit. This experience lead me to
look for a guide in Greece.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But this quest proved much harder than I thought. I explored
the subject of heritage guides in Greece in different google searches (trying
to use just the right combination of words,) but nothing solid turned up. I
e-mailed Rick Steves’ <a href="https://www.ricksteves.com/">travel advisory site</a> staffers, (a great site for travel information) but they had
no leads either. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-llYf87o8tM4/VNUzc7xxqtI/AAAAAAAABqs/CiVm2EkTsnw/s1600/may-june-2012-family-tree-mag.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-llYf87o8tM4/VNUzc7xxqtI/AAAAAAAABqs/CiVm2EkTsnw/s1600/may-june-2012-family-tree-mag.jpg" height="320" width="230" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Used by permission of publisher</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
On one of my google searches, I put “Greek genealogy
resources” and a listing for a “<a href="http://www.familytreemagazine.com/article/greek-genealogy-toolkit">Greek Family Research Toolkit</a>” from <i><a href="http://www.familytreemagazine.com/">Family Tree Magazine</a></i> popped up. A copy of this issue is available at Family Tree Magazine's <a href="http://www.shopfamilytree.com/family-tree-magazine-may-2012-issue-digital">online store</a>.<br />
<br />
As I looked down the list of web sites in the tool kit, I saw this intriguing entry:
<i>Hellenic Genealogy Resources Facebook Group</i>.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-zcyr7v2HKDE/VNU1bN1GY_I/AAAAAAAABq4/SNtBuuAQ2z8/s1600/Facebook_f_logo_2013.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-zcyr7v2HKDE/VNU1bN1GY_I/AAAAAAAABq4/SNtBuuAQ2z8/s1600/Facebook_f_logo_2013.png" height="200" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Facebook logo,
2013,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook" title="wikipedia:Facebook">Facebook, Inc.</a>, Wikimedia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Now I had already searched <a href="http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/F/Facebook_Group.html">Facebook groups</a> under “Greek,”
but I had not thought to look under “<a href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Hellenic">Hellenic</a>.” The link in the <i>Family Tree</i> list (from 2012) was no
longer active but now I had the name. I excitedly opened Facebook and entered
the name I hoped to fine.<br />
<br />
And there it was – the <i>Hellenic Genealogy Resources
Group</i>! (You must be in Facebook to see the group.) I saw that it was a <a href="https://www.facebook.com/help/220336891328465">closed group</a>, so I clicked on “join” and the next time I checked, I saw a welcome message from the
administrator of the group, Dawna Stevens.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-4yRLozUqK7U/VNU3p_iCczI/AAAAAAAABrE/RcJ9fX1HssA/s1600/listening.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-4yRLozUqK7U/VNU3p_iCczI/AAAAAAAABrE/RcJ9fX1HssA/s1600/listening.jpg" height="168" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Listen, </span><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/ky_olsen/" title="Go to Ky's photostream"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ky</span></a><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">, 2008, Creative Commons, flickr.com.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Having found the group, I could hardly wait to make contact.
In my “hello and thank you for letting
me join message,” I asked if anyone knew of a Greek heritage guide. By the next
day, Dawna Stevens had given me two possible candidates. This kind of
treatment, of being heard, is something so wonderful to encounter when you are
searching for information.<br />
I will write another post as I explore a research
partnership with these new Greek contacts.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Another Facebook group I found in the <i>Family Tree Magazine</i> “Greek Family Research Toolkit” is <i>Hellenic
Genealogy Geek</i>. I was intrigued by the term
“Geek” – these must be very determined, focused researchers. Only a few weeks
after joining this group, I received an e-mail announcing the “<a href="http://hellenicgenealogygeek.blogspot.com/2015/01/first-national-hellenic-american.html">First NationalHellenic American Genealogy Conference</a>” to be held in New York on Saturday April 25,
2015. This isn’t the first time that I have wished to live closer to New York
City! The conference is co-sponsored by the <a href="http://hellenicamerican.cc/hacc-about/">Hellenic American Chamber ofCommerce</a> and <a href="http://hellenicgenealogygeek.com/">HellenicGenealogyGeek.com</a>. The <a href="http://hellenicgenealogygeek.blogspot.com/2015/01/first-national-hellenic-american.html">conference syllabus</a> promises an exciting, information-packed
day. Not only are there some intriguing presentations, but the conference is
free!</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The conference opens with <a href="http://www.petermoskos.com/">Peter C. Moskos </a>speaking on “Greek Americans: Struggle and
Success” which is the <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Greek-Americans-Struggle-Peter-Moskos/dp/1412852951/ref=as_li_tf_mfw?&linkCode=wey&tag=copinthehoo-20">title of a book</a> by the same title he co-authored with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Moskos">Charles C. Moskos</a>.<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A presentation by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/pub/louis-katsos/6/920/809">Dr. Louis Katsos</a>, titled the “History of Hellenic Lands,” focuses on how research in Greek
records is impacted by “geography, boundary changes and village name changes.” Herein lie the sand traps that befuddle many a genealogist!<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-IzMaRh8AX3w/VNU4NdqdgUI/AAAAAAAABrM/nO1AE6EX2aU/s1600/sandtrap.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-IzMaRh8AX3w/VNU4NdqdgUI/AAAAAAAABrM/nO1AE6EX2aU/s1600/sandtrap.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Bunker, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/mikecogh/" title="Go to Michael Coghlan's photostream"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Michael Coghlan</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">,
2009, <br />Creative Commons, flickr.com.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-WGk1HMkI3fc/VNU5XPeHlKI/AAAAAAAABrY/T4M1q5FiU1Q/s1600/DNA.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-WGk1HMkI3fc/VNU5XPeHlKI/AAAAAAAABrY/T4M1q5FiU1Q/s1600/DNA.JPG" /></a><br />
<br />
In the afternoon, Peter W. Dickson, a contributor to <i>Greek Americans</i>, will be speaking on
“Using DNA in Greek Family History Research.” How DNA can help in family
history research is one of my favorite topics!</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I found another lead in the Greek Family Research Toolkit --
a link to <a href="http://feefhs.org/members/greek.html">Lica Catsakis</a>’ website, <i><a href="http://greekgenealogy.org/index.htm">Greek Genealogy - FamilyHistory, How to find Your Greek Ancestors</a></i>. Dr. Catsakis is the author of <i>Family
History Research in Greece.</i> This is a description of the book that
appears on her website:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%;">“Eleven
Chapters: Beginning your Research, Sources for Genealogical Research,
Greek History, More about Greece, Greek Migration, Locating Places in
Greece (with details about various gazetteers – geographical
dictionaries), Churches and Religious Denominations (with addresses of dioceses,
and Patriarchate), Research by Mail (with form letters for civil and
church archives in Greek and their English translation, and Family
questionnaire for relatives to fill in information about common ancestors),
Learn about Names, The Language (with basics about grammar and a list of
words you will see in Greek records), Numbers and Units of Time. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%;">Two
Appendices: Glossary (of Greek and English
words); and Greek Given Names their Variations, their English
Equivalents, and Name-days.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%;">Pictures of
ancestors and of the land, Maps, and photocopies of samples
of Greek Records andCertificates.”<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Isn’t it amazing how one resource, in this case <i>Family History Magazine’s</i> "Greek Family Research Toolkit," can lead one to
discover all this:<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<ul>
<li>Two Facebook groups on Greek Genealogy Research</li>
<li>Referrals to Greek Heritage guides</li>
<li>The Hellenic America Chamber of Commerce</li>
<li>The First National Hellenic American Genealogy Conference</li>
<li>A manual on how to do Greek Family Research by L. Catsakis</li>
</ul>
<div>
categories: genealogy tools, genealogy professional, genealogy groups</div>
</div>
Pat Spearshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12823338581399447865noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3692263915552749403.post-52684792648256606392014-12-07T17:56:00.000-05:002017-02-16T18:14:53.279-05:00The Poor in Early America<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #353630; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As my readers know, I am interested in the
lives of my Irish ancestors who came to Chicago, IL in the mid-nineteenth
century. Because they were part of the new urban poor (a group made up of rural
people from America and abroad who came to the cities seeking jobs),</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #353630; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-LrllKiEZ0ag/VIDyWxFnjdI/AAAAAAAABoI/WcNoZrgHFBc/s1600/German%2Bemigrants.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-LrllKiEZ0ag/VIDyWxFnjdI/AAAAAAAABoI/WcNoZrgHFBc/s1600/German%2Bemigrants.jpg" height="319" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 13.8000001907349px; text-align: start;">From the old to the new world - German emigrants for New York<br /> embarking on a Hamburg steamer, 1874,<br /> LC-USZ62-100310, Library of Congress Online Catalog.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="color: #353630; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I began
researching what life was like for those who lived on the margins without
secure employment. In my post of <a href="http://spearspat.blogspot.com/2014/11/you-are-there-chicago-1837-1920.html">November 12, 2014</a></span><span style="color: #353630; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, I wrote about
some of the challenges the poor faced in nineteenth century Chicago. This led
me to wonder more about the causes of poverty in America and how this society responded
to the needs of those without the means to take care of themselves.</span><span style="color: #353630; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><br />
<span style="color: #353630; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-paLiNkRUn2U/VITInUc1q_I/AAAAAAAABpg/qY0v53RkxjU/s1600/cover%2BTrattner1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-paLiNkRUn2U/VITInUc1q_I/AAAAAAAABpg/qY0v53RkxjU/s1600/cover%2BTrattner1.jpg" height="320" width="208" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Walter I.
Trattner, <i>From poor law to welfare state: </i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><i>a history of social welfare in America</i> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> (New York, N.Y. : The Free </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Press, Simon and
Schuster, 1999)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #353630; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I used two books to anchor my exploration into
this topic. First, I went to <a href="http://www4.uwm.edu/letsci/history/faculty/emeritus.cfm">Walter I. Trattner’s </a></span><span style="color: #353630; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">book <a href="http://www.intellectualtakeout.org/library/books/poor-law-welfare-state-6th-edition-history-social-welfare-america">From Poor Law to Welfare State: A History of Social Welfare in America </a></span><span style="color: #353630; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> first published in 1974 and now in its sixth
edition. Trattner begins his coverage of the response to poverty by society with
colonial America and goes up to President Bill Clinton’s overhaul of the
welfare system. In addition to his comprehensive information on the causes and
responses to poverty in America, Dr. Trattner also provides an in-depth
bibliography after each chapter. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-dDWGKq0uujY/VIIr-HqLl8I/AAAAAAAABok/GtgMBPisYGk/s1600/Pauperization%2C_cause_and_cure.djvu.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-dDWGKq0uujY/VIIr-HqLl8I/AAAAAAAABok/GtgMBPisYGk/s1600/Pauperization%2C_cause_and_cure.djvu.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Pauperization: cause
and cure, </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sir Baldwyn<br /> Leighton, 1871, Internet </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Archive, Wikimedia.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
If you research early America, you realize right away that ties to the mother country of England were seen in many areas, including theories on poverty. Debate on this topic flourished in both countries in parlors, newspapers and governing bodies.<br />
<span style="color: #353630; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><br />
<span style="color: #353630; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span>
<span style="color: #353630; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">We learn from Dr. Trattner that the social
system for helping the poor in colonial America was based on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_for_the_Relief_of_the_Poor_1601">English Poor Law of 1601</a>. (p. 10-12, 16, Trattner.) This law, in England and similar ones in America in
the mid-1600s, allowed towns to levy a tax on householders that was used to
provide some relief to the impoverished. Churches also contributed to helping
the poor in their parishes. If you were poor in eighteenth century America, you
fared better than those who followed you in the next century:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #353630; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“…the problem of poverty had been defined and
the lines of attack against it were marked out. In many areas, selectmen,
county justices, overseers of the poor, constables, church wardens, or whoever
the authority happened to be, made regular surveys of their areas to determine
the condition of the population and to call attention to those who needed
assistance….By and large, the poor—at least the white poor—were dealt with
humanely and often wisely…especially when compared to later developments.” (p.
27, Trattner.) <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="color: #353630; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/--5_vzQExyCk/VITLhBmuFcI/AAAAAAAABps/EdnXBWQHtj8/s1600/cover%2BReef1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/--5_vzQExyCk/VITLhBmuFcI/AAAAAAAABps/EdnXBWQHtj8/s1600/cover%2BReef1.jpg" height="320" width="247" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Catherine Reef, <br /><i>Poverty in America </i>(Facts on File,
<br />Infobase Publishing, 2007)</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #353630; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The second book <i><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Poverty-America-American-Experience-Catherine/dp/0816060622">Poverty in America</a> </i></span><span style="color: #353630;">by
<a href="http://www.childrensbookguild.org/catherine-reef">Catherine Reef </a></span><span style="color: #353630;">is a great reference. It is a textbook, but
don’t let that put you off. Not only is the text accessible, it is engrossing,
and the book has two very helpful tools at the end of each chapter. First,
there is a timeline or “Chronicle of Events” for the period covered in the
chapter which lists major happenings and trends, including laws enacted,
epidemics, population figures, employment data and different public and private
responses to poverty.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #353630; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #353630; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #353630; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #353630; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #353630; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Here is an excerpt from the “Chronicle of
Events” at the end of Chapter Two “Industrialization, Immigration, and Urban
Poverty 1790-1864:”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #353630;">“1793<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in;">
<span style="color: #353630;">An epidemic of yellow fever devastates
Philadelphia; the city provides emergency relief to 1,200 households each week.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #353630;">1800<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in;">
<span style="color: #353630;">The population of New York City is 60,515.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in;">
<span style="color: #353630;">Approximately 60,000 people live in the
Philadelphia area.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #353630;">1810<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in;">
<span style="color: #353630;">The population of New York City reaches
96,373.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #353630;">1812<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in;">
<span style="color: #353630;">War with England reduces foreign trade;
domestic manufacturing expands.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #353630;">1815<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in;">
<span style="color: #353630;">The resumption of peace results in an influx
of imported goods and domestic wage cuts and layoffs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in;">
<span style="color: #353630;">New York State spends $245,000 on poor relief.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #353630;">1819<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in;">
<span style="color: #353630;">The United States enters an economic
depression known as the Panic of 1819; 500,000 workers are unemployed.” (p.
31-32 Reef.)<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #353630; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">If you look carefully at the timeline above,
you will notice that external events like epidemics, wars, and trade imbalances
have a great effect on the economic well-being of people.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-YW6x-xDUTsE/VIIph86egoI/AAAAAAAABoY/oVhlcAGtWfc/s1600/eyewitness.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-YW6x-xDUTsE/VIIph86egoI/AAAAAAAABoY/oVhlcAGtWfc/s1600/eyewitness.jpg" height="320" width="319" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">WITNESS logo
originally designed</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> in 1996, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TBWA/Chiat/Day">Chiat\Day</a>, flickr.com<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #353630; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The second end-of-chapter tool is the
“Eyewitness Testimony.” This section is composed of quotations from public
officials, reporters and editors of newspapers, ministers, staff of
almshouses/poorhouses, and people who worked directly with the poor. I found
this section particularly moving and sometimes alarming. It is in this
testimony that you see two very different philosophies of what causes poverty
and how to deal with it. Before taking a look at some of this personal
testimony, let’s look at the genesis of these philosophies.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #353630; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">One attitude toward the poor has its roots
2,000 years B.C., became embedded in the sacred texts of the major religions of
the world, and continues to a large extent today. (p. 1-2 Trattner) This
attitude is that the poor are in their unfortunate position as a result of
outside events (such as poor health, unemployment, disability etc.) and deserve
to be helped by those with more means in the form of government aid. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #353630; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #353630; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">But this
charitable philosophy, which flourished in America from colonial times through
the mid-eighteenth century, was to have a competing belief that was born from
many factors, including: the continuing flow of impoverished immigrants,
concentration of the poor in cities which drained public resources, and the
feeling on the part of many who had “made it” that only those who were lazy and
didn’t take advantage of all the opportunities America offered fell into
poverty. (p. 53, Trattner.) <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="color: #353630; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-wkF3CNUKg8U/VITW18Esv7I/AAAAAAAABp8/QYB9b8z6YsU/s1600/Tenement%2Barea.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-wkF3CNUKg8U/VITW18Esv7I/AAAAAAAABp8/QYB9b8z6YsU/s1600/Tenement%2Barea.jpg" height="400" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Yard of
tenement, New York, N.Y., <a href="http://www.loc.gov/pictures/related/?fi=name&q=Detroit%20Publishing%20Co.">Detroit
Publishing Co.</a> , </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">between 1900 and 1910, LC-DIG-det-4a18585, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Library of Congress Online Catalog.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-fMu1nDgoNAU/VITahQ8YuRI/AAAAAAAABqI/ZwVSPJtc9sU/s1600/Testimony.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-fMu1nDgoNAU/VITahQ8YuRI/AAAAAAAABqI/ZwVSPJtc9sU/s1600/Testimony.jpg" height="138" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="color: #353630; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Now, let’s look at some personal testimonials
from Reef’s book that illustrate the opposing philosophies of poverty. These
are from “Eyewitness Testimony” at the end of Chapter Two “Industrialization,
Immigration, and Urban Poverty 1790-1864:”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #353630; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This witness, <a href="http://www.jerseyhistory.org/findingaid.php?aid=0286">Rev.Ward Stafford</a>, although a man of the cloth, believed that since the poor bore much responsibility
for their circumstances:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #353630; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> “…many
charitable institutions, or institutions for affording pecuniary or other
equivalent aid to the indigent, exert, on the whole, an unhappy influence on
society. Is it not true, that, by these institutions…provision is in fact made
for idleness and other vices? If people believe, that they shall be relieved
when in distress, they will not generally make exertions, will not labour when
they are able and have the opportunity.” Ward Stafford, missionary to the poor
of New York City, March 1817, <i>New Missionary
Field</i>, p. 43. (p. 35 Reef.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #353630; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For the other side of the debate on the poor,
we have this testimony from yet another minister:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #353630; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“[T]he <i>paupers</i>
and the <i>beggars</i> do not constitute the
sum total of the POOR. Would to God they did. The great mass of the poor are
those who are struggling by toil, privation, and even in destitution, to get
bread and clothing for themselves and children, and a place to shelter them
from the cold and the storm, <i>without
begging, or calling upon the public authorities for aid</i>.” G.W. Quinby,
Universalist minister in Yarmouth, Maine, 1856, The Gallows, the Prison, and
the Poor-Houses, p. 295. (p. 45 Reef.)<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-4a6RQAJZovc/VII2wwmrXPI/AAAAAAAABo0/o6bkfjM334Y/s1600/Sewing%2Bwoman%2Btenement2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-4a6RQAJZovc/VII2wwmrXPI/AAAAAAAABo0/o6bkfjM334Y/s1600/Sewing%2Bwoman%2Btenement2.jpg" height="320" width="288" /></a><br />
<span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">Lights and
Shadows of New York life: </span><br />
<span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">A Woman’s Story of </span><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">Gospel, <br />Temperance, Mission and
Rescue Work, </span><br />
<span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">by Helen Campbell, Thomas
W. </span><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">Knox and </span><br />
<span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">Thomas Byrnes, Hartford,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"> Conn: A.D. Worthington<br /> & Co., 1893,
http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">3:FHCL:614256 p. 275</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
Later in his testimony, Rev. Quinby describes
the horrid conditions that the poor lived under in major American cities in the
nineteenth century:</div>
<span style="color: #353630; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #353630; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“…I see them living—suffering in garrets and
cellars—and pent-up rooms—with no ventilation; damp, filthy, destructive to
health and happiness. I see the widow and the orphan—and the honest poor man,
with a large family—weak and sickly himself from long and constant toil to
furnish bread and clothing for his dear ones.” (p. 45 Reef.)<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="color: #353630; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-aG8pXk-Lnu8/VII3XJvAs_I/AAAAAAAABo8/fBR-jMscbAY/s1600/Blind%2Bwoman%2Band%2Bfamily2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-aG8pXk-Lnu8/VII3XJvAs_I/AAAAAAAABo8/fBR-jMscbAY/s1600/Blind%2Bwoman%2Band%2Bfamily2.jpg" height="400" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Lights and
Shadows of New York life: A Woman’s Story of Gospel, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Temperance, Mission and
Rescue Work, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">by Helen Campbell, </span><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">Thomas
W. Knox and </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">Thomas Byrnes, Hartford, Conn: A.D. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">Worthington & Co., 1893,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"> http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:614256 p. 264</span> </div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #353630; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">These two opposing viewpoints towards the poor
that we have seen in those who worked directly with them can also be seen in
society at large during the early years of America. During the time that most
people lived in small villages, worked on farms and didn’t travel far, poverty
was manageable: the poor were your relatives or neighbors. Of course, you
helped them. But as the nineteenth century dawned, the Industrial Revolution
changed poverty. Cities were beacons to the rural poor from America and abroad
with their factories that promised jobs. But these jobs were tied to economic
conditions that ebbed and flowed. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #353630; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gradually through the nineteenth century, the
urban poor filled crowded tenements which became cesspools of disease. The
larger society began taking notice of these wretched conditions when it became
apparent that disease cannot be relegated to the poor. In “Eyewitness
Testimony” at the end of Chapter Two “Industrialization, Immigration, and Urban
Poverty 1790-1864,” we hear from Marcus T. Reynolds, an architect, who warned </span><span style="color: #353630;">against ignoring the suffering of the poor </span><span style="color: #353630;">in
</span><i style="color: #353630;"><a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/2560434">The Housing of the poor in American Cities</a></i><span style="color: #353630;"> (1892) pp. 34-35: </span><span style="color: #353630;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #353630; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Of all the evils which are due to the
tenement-house system, the one that concerns the public most directly is the
danger…from the presence in the tenement district of contagious and infectious
diseases….The working people, who spend the night in such dirty and disease-breeding
places, disperse in the morning, and by the nature of their occupations, find
their way to all portions of the city, and are thrown in contact with all
classes of society.” (p. 99-100 Reef.)<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="color: #353630; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-csvbS3BwAsE/VII4LCAGX0I/AAAAAAAABpE/PC-J3h7_1-s/s1600/tenement%2Bmenace.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-csvbS3BwAsE/VII4LCAGX0I/AAAAAAAABpE/PC-J3h7_1-s/s1600/tenement%2Bmenace.jpg" height="640" width="411" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The tenement
- a menace to all, Udo J. Keppler, N.Y., </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> J. Ottmann Lith. Co., Puck Bldg., </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1901 March
20, LC-DIG-ppmsca-25509, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Library of
Congress Online Catalog.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #353630; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dr. Trattner also notes that a motive of
nineteenth century charity was the need to protect the social order. He quotes
a member of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Improving_the_Condition_of_the_Poor">New York Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor</a>, formed in 1843, who suggested that if
society does not help the poor:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #353630; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(they will) “over-run the city as thieves and
beggars and endanger the security of property and life.” (records of the New
York Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor, formed in 1843, p.
69, Trattner.)<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="color: #353630; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-YLdnxzHZBJ4/VII60O1kdfI/AAAAAAAABpQ/z5MtsmJVUTQ/s1600/Danger%2Bsocial%2Border.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-YLdnxzHZBJ4/VII60O1kdfI/AAAAAAAABpQ/z5MtsmJVUTQ/s1600/Danger%2Bsocial%2Border.jpg" height="640" width="420" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br />From the depths,
William Balfour Ker, c1906, LC-USZ62-45985, Library of Congress Online Catalog.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="color: #353630; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
We have thus seen the operation of two
different attitudes toward poverty in America from the 1600s through the 1800s.
The Industrial Revolution changed the onus of social welfare from a village
matter to a large urban concern. Public assistance to the poor mirrored the feeling of society at large.</div>
Pat Spearshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12823338581399447865noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3692263915552749403.post-91633972893112457622014-11-12T15:56:00.004-05:002017-02-16T18:14:53.344-05:00You Are There: Chicago 1837-1920<div class="MsoNormal">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-xsOoqqv-Sv8/VGO0F8Q0kwI/AAAAAAAABmI/8y7gxie5fi8/s1600/Welcome%2BMain%2BStreet.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-xsOoqqv-Sv8/VGO0F8Q0kwI/AAAAAAAABmI/8y7gxie5fi8/s320/Welcome%2BMain%2BStreet.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Yesterday's Main
Street, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/44603071@N00/" title="Go to Kathy's photostream"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kathy</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">, <br />January 2, 2025,
Creative Commons,<br /> Flickr.com.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
When I was a young child living in Chicago in the early
1950s, my parents brought me to the Museum of Science and Industry. I remember
several visits, and each time I would gaze fixedly at one exhibit in
particular: “<a href="http://www.msichicago.org/whats-here/exhibits/yesterdays-main-street/">Yesterday’s Main Street</a>,”a representation of a cobblestoned Chicago street in 1910, with storefronts
lining both sides.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Q2kOQkSbcGI/VGO0gDlchZI/AAAAAAAABmQ/u0p8oZHdmLs/s1600/Jewel%2BTea.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Q2kOQkSbcGI/VGO0gDlchZI/AAAAAAAABmQ/u0p8oZHdmLs/s320/Jewel%2BTea.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Yesterday's Main
Street, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/dainaar/" title="Go to Dainaar's photostream"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dainaar</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">, <br />April 2, 2010,
Creative Commons, <br />Flickr.com.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
For some reason, I never got the chance to walk down the
street and peer into the windows as I longed to do. Perhaps this was the
beginning of my yearning to know what Chicago was like in the nineteenth and
early twentieth centuries when my ancestors lived there.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
When I began investigating my family background and found that
the Irish Carney/Kearney family line lived in Chicago from 1860 on, I was even
more passionate about learning about life in early Chicago. Following the
Irish, my German, Greek and Czech ancestors came to make their home in this
young city. I wanted to walk the streets my people walked, see the sights they
saw every day, hear the sounds that might have soothed or tormented them, and
even smell the scents that surrounded them. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Fortunately for me, I came across the book <a href="http://www.press.uillinois.edu/books/catalog/57zms8wb9780252074158.html">Challenging Chicago: Coping With Everyday Life, 1837-1920 </a> by <a href="http://history.las.uic.edu/history/people/emeriti/duis-perry">Perry Duis</a>.<span id="goog_1586437974"></span><br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-n4OxXDwfqXU/VGO-wxFas6I/AAAAAAAABnY/5Cv34MPoPPU/s1600/Duis%2Bcover.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-n4OxXDwfqXU/VGO-wxFas6I/AAAAAAAABnY/5Cv34MPoPPU/s400/Duis%2Bcover.jpg" width="277" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Used by permission of publisher, University<br />
of Illinois Press</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span id="goog_1586437973"></span><br />
The author goes way beyond the surface of sights and sounds. He plunges the
reader into the gritty but also glorious world that was Chicago in this time
period. From this book, I learned the
risks and the obstacles that challenged my people, but I also learned about the
opportunities.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Dr. Duis is a master at painting a picture with words of
what it was like to live in Chicago in those early years. Although this is a scholarly
work covering the history, social mores, technological advances, and much more
of this period and place, it is as readable and engrossing as a historical
novel. However be advised, I may be prejudiced as I love nineteenth century
Chicago!</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In the introduction, Duis tells his readers the purpose of
this book: to explain the challenges of living in a new, fast growing city and
how its denizens dealt with them: <br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“The millions of all social classes who flocked to American
cities…needed to resort to survival strategies. Urban life was a new experience
for most of them. Raised on farms and in small towns, both here and abroad,
they were often unprepared for what lay ahead. Many found that cities were far
more congested, crowded, dangerous, unpleasant, immoral, and unhealthy than
they had anticipated.” p. xii Duis</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
First, Dr. Duis tells us what forces helped create Chicago
and other cities. By the mid 1800s, the <a href="http://www.ushistory.org/us/22a.asp">industrial revolution </a> was taking hold in the United States. Farm
workers living in poverty in rural America and in Europe began seeking
employment in the new factories that were springing up in cities like New York
and Chicago and were hungry for workers. To give an idea of the astonishing
rate of population growth in Chicago, Duis writes: <br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“A populace of 4,170 in 1837 became 29,963 in 1850 and
109,260 in 1860, and it was on its way to three times that figure by the time
of the Great Fire in 1871.” p. 7 Duis<br />
<br />
Here is a photograph of State Street c1893 which shows the congested conditions of Chicago living:<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-qNvMnHzRX_0/VGPIAbyl6SI/AAAAAAAABn4/GKW4ntJf-JI/s1600/crowded%2Bstate%2Bstreet2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-qNvMnHzRX_0/VGPIAbyl6SI/AAAAAAAABn4/GKW4ntJf-JI/s640/crowded%2Bstate%2Bstreet2.jpg" width="595" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Traffic on
State Street, Chicago, U.S.A., Washington, D.C. : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">J.F. Jarvis, publisher, c1893,
LC-USZ62-101801, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Library of Congress Prints and Photographs</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Division
Washington, D.C. 20540 USA.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
With such rapid growth, there wasn’t much time to pay
attention to the environment – the land the people lived on and traversed. People,
including the city fathers, were focused on business. But nature was not to be
ignored.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
From the time before the first Europeans came to the site of
Chicago in the late 1600s, the area was plagued by mud much of the year. In
their book <i>Chicago: Growth of a
Metropolis</i>, Harold M. Mayer and Richard C. Wade explain the cause of that
mud: </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
(It) “…was the result
of ancient geologic forces. More than four hundred million years before, the
site lay beneath a tropical sea ….Before the waters receded there was deposited
on the sea bottom the material (limestone) that constitutes the bedrock of
Chicago….Above the limestone, glaciers left layers of impermeable clay that
prevented the draining off of surface waters and created a high water table.”
p. 3 Duis<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ck73CBjZQQc/VGO-VZMw36I/AAAAAAAABnQ/efoZrk8luyU/s1600/State%2BStreet%2Blicensed.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ck73CBjZQQc/VGO-VZMw36I/AAAAAAAABnQ/efoZrk8luyU/s400/State%2BStreet%2Blicensed.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> # 69 State Street, South from Lake,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Views of
Chicago, Carbutt, Photographer,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Chicago History Museum, used by license.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
It was this high water table that caused the omnipresent mud
which challenged Chicagoans when they were attempting to get from place to
place on foot. The mud also caused problems for workers as they labored to keep
streets open when they sunk into the mud.
p. 5 Duis<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
But the mud was not the only environmental problem facing
Chicagoans. The city leaders thought the cost of pipes and sewers too costly
for the new city, so sanitation became a problem. Large numbers of new
immigrants living in overcrowded tenements with no waste removal systems led,
among other problems, to very dirty streets:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In 1837, the city declared that “No dung, dead animal or
putrid meats and fish or decayed vegetables (were) to be deposited in any
street, avenue, lane or public square.” p. 5 Duis</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Just walking in the city was a nightmare:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“The lack of sidewalks forced pedestrians to walk on the
sides of the road, where debris, garbage, stray animals, mud, standing water,
and dust impeded daily travel.” p. 5 Duis</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-esikPu72MGI/VGO2bOTeSRI/AAAAAAAABmg/pHAF2iVYAzs/s1600/Steel%2BMills%2BChicago.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="281" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-esikPu72MGI/VGO2bOTeSRI/AAAAAAAABmg/pHAF2iVYAzs/s640/Steel%2BMills%2BChicago.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ore docks, blast
furnaces & steel mills, South Chicago, Ill., <br />International Harvester Co.,
Chicago, Ill., </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="http://www.loc.gov/pictures/related/?fi=name&q=Geo.%20R.%20Lawrence%20Co."><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Geo. R. Lawrence Co.</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> , copyright claimant,<br /> c1907, C-USZ62-41402, Library of Congress <br />Prints and Photographs
Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
So thanks to Dr. Duis, I have a good picture of what it was
like for my ancestors to try to get to work each day through the mud and trash.
I know also where they likely found employment: the new iron and steel mills,
the stockyards and meat packing plants, the railroads, and garment making
shops. But how did people find these and other jobs?<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-bhQECrm16F4/VGO3RDUsapI/AAAAAAAABmo/_n4LlGvmeFE/s1600/Stockyards%2Baerial.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-bhQECrm16F4/VGO3RDUsapI/AAAAAAAABmo/_n4LlGvmeFE/s400/Stockyards%2Baerial.jpg" width="340" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Birds-eye
view of Union Stock yards, Chicago, Ill., U.S.A., </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Meadville, Pa.: Keystone View
Company, c1897, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">LC-USZ62-45849, Library of Congress </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Prints and Photographs
Division </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Washington, D.C. 20540 USA.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Chapter 9, “Chicago is
Work,” talks about the different ways jobs were advertised: employment
agencies, saloon message boards, hiring halls, and word of mouth. In addition
to a way of making a living, a Chicagoan had to have a place to go before and
after work. Finding housing was yet another challenge.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A basic facet of life is shelter, and I have long wondered
the kind of housing my Chicago ancestors had. Different pieces of evidence
(including the sad finding that an infant of the Carney/Kearney family was
buried in the pauper’s area of Calvary Cemetery, the fact that my people likely
left Ireland in the famine years, and the family story that my great
grandmother was in an orphanage) attest to the probability that the
Carney/Kearney and Duffy families were poor. Perhaps part of the reason I have
trouble locating them in the city directories and federal census records is
because of their poverty. Duis tells us that many Chicago families moved every
May 1<sup>st</sup>, but poor families moved even more often, sometimes to avoid
back rent they couldn’t afford to pay or in the hope of securing cleaner, less
crowded lodgings:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“For the very poor, eviction or the search for more sanitary
and safe tenements often led to the transfer of their meager possessions every
few months. Their stay in one place was often so brief that they used
neighborhood saloons as permanent mailing addresses.” p. 85 Duis</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Too bad the saloons didn’t keep
ledgers filled with addresses of the neighborhood denizens! </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Another challenge for Chicago’s
workers was finding food. Due to crowds, increasing commuting distance from
work, and unreliable public transportation, working people couldn’t get home
for lunch. Saloon owners saw a way to
capitalize on their roles as post box and job message board. Why not serve lunch
to bring in customers to eat and, of course, drink? Initially, saloons charged
for these noon meals, but when a politician/saloon owner started handing out
free oysters (p. 157- 158 Duis), the concept if free food to lure customers
spread across the city. Thus, was born, as Dr. Duis tells us, a new concept –
the free lunch.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-oTLmU3o3ieM/VGO3qrUFtbI/AAAAAAAABmw/XLQyl9d0Jtw/s1600/Free%2BLunch.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-oTLmU3o3ieM/VGO3qrUFtbI/AAAAAAAABmw/XLQyl9d0Jtw/s320/Free%2BLunch.jpg" width="274" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Image from
page 208 of “Blasts” from “The Ram's Horn” (1902), </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/internetarchivebookimages/tags/bookpublisherChicago__The_Ram_s_Horn_Co_"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Chicago, The Ram's Horn Co.</span></a><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">, Internet Archive </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Book Images,
Flickr.com.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
But that wasn’t the only thing
Chicago gave America in the area of eating. When I was a little girl, my mother
took me downtown to a cafeteria. I was mesmerized by all the food choices! This experience inspired the essay below from me in the third grade:<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-gqNT2Wb6u_k/VGO6FOkMUBI/AAAAAAAABnE/5m4egmYVdes/s1600/Pat%2Band%2Bcafeteria%2B001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="328" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-gqNT2Wb6u_k/VGO6FOkMUBI/AAAAAAAABnE/5m4egmYVdes/s400/Pat%2Band%2Bcafeteria%2B001.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Written by Pat Spears, 1953<br />
school assignment, John M. Palmer<br />
Elementary School, Chicago, IL</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
But I
had no idea then that my city invented this restaurant phenomenon. In order to
reduce the cost of lunch for working women, the <a href="http://gluedideas.com/Encyclopedia-Britannica-Volume-4-Part-2-Brain-Casting/Cafeteria.html">Ogontz Club</a> came up with the idea to do away with wait staff and instead, let patrons
choose their food from large tables and carry their plates back to the seating
area. p. 159</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
Thus was born our modern day cafeteria. A fellow blogger, <a href="http://www.janwhitaker.net/">Ms. Jan Whitaker</a>, wrote a wonderful poem, “<a href="http://restaurant-ingthroughhistory.com/tag/chicago/">The Cafeteria</a>,” which perfectly
captures my fascination with this form of dining.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
To conclude, we have taken just a
quick visit to the wonderful world of nineteenth century Chicago, courtesy of
Perry Duis. But there is more to explore in his historical tour guide,
including how early Chicagoans sought to escape the problems of life and spend
some moments enjoying what the city had to offer, covered in Part Four: Spare
Moments. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
One last note, in a <a href="http://www.press.uillinois.edu/books/catalog/57zms8wb9780252074158.html">press release</a> of the book by the University of Illinois Press, <a href="http://www.loc.gov/bookfest/kids-teachers/authors/james_l_swanson">James L. Swanson</a> from a <i><a href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/">Chicago Tribune</a></i> review was quoted: “…the illustrations and endnotes are worth the price of the
book.” And the notes are indeed a treasure.<br />
<br />
categories: genealogy toolsPat Spearshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12823338581399447865noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3692263915552749403.post-91615536386792434002014-09-30T21:09:00.000-04:002017-02-16T18:14:53.342-05:00Academic Journals: A Powerhouse of Research<div class="MsoNormal">
Most genealogy researchers are very familiar with the
journals of genealogy societies: local, regional and national. An example of a local
society journal is the <i><a href="http://collections.carli.illinois.edu/cdm4/index_nby_cgs.php?CISOROOT=/nby_cgs">ChicagoGenealogist</a></i>,
a publication of the <a href="http://www.chicagogenealogy.org/">Chicago Genealogical Society</a>. The <i><a href="http://www.wnygs.org/journal.html">Western New York Genealogical SocietyJournal</a></i>, published
by said <a href="http://www.wnygs.org/">society</a> ,
covers eight counties. A national organization, such as the <a href="http://www.ngsgenealogy.org/cs/home">NationalGenealogical Society</a>, will have a national journal -- the <i><a href="http://www.ngsgenealogy.org/cs/ngsq">National Genealogical Society Quarterly</a>.</i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Many genealogical journals, including the ones above, are
classified as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_journal">academic or scholarly journals</a>. When a writer submits an article to an academic journal, he or she can expect
to have the piece <a href="http://support.ebsco.com/knowledge_base/detail.php?id=976">peer-reviewed</a>. Because of the rigorous standards that writers in academic journals must adhere to, the quality of the research is very high.<br />
<span style="background: white; mso-shading-themecolor: background1;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JwLTVWu96c8/VCsdhP1tYBI/AAAAAAAABkw/hPSPAuRvxrc/s1600/Brockport_Hartwell_Hall.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JwLTVWu96c8/VCsdhP1tYBI/AAAAAAAABkw/hPSPAuRvxrc/s1600/Brockport_Hartwell_Hall.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_at_Brockport" title="en:State University of New York at Brockport"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">en:State University of New York at
Brockport</span></a>'s </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hartwell Hall, east side, <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:DanielPenfield&action=edit&redlink=1" title="User:DanielPenfield (page does not exist)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">DanielPenfield</span></a>,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 31 May
2010, Wikimedia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="background: white; mso-shading-themecolor: background1;"><br /></span></div>
Peer-reviewed journals follow some established patterns.The Department of Sociology at the <a href="http://www.brockport.edu/">College of Brockport</a> posted an article, <a href="http://www.brockport.edu/sociology/journal.html">Reading Journal Articles</a>, on the college website, which outlines the framework that makes up a report of research in an academic journal. The parts of this framework look very similar to the parts of a good research plan; the basic elements of research are all here:<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">First, the scholarly article begins with an <i>Abstract</i> or summary of the research question: What is the reason for this study?</span><span style="background: white;"> </span>What are the topics/questions being investigated? </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; mso-shading-themecolor: background1;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Second, comes the <i>Introduction</i>:“What is already
known about this topic and what is left to discover?” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Third, is the <i>Literature Review</i>: “The review of
literature is meant to discuss previous work on the topic, point out what
questions remain, and relate the research presented in the rest of the article
to the existing literature.” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The fourth part of a journal article is the <i>Methods and Data</i>: What did the author
find and how did he/she find it? </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The fifth section is <i>Analysis and Results</i>: What analytic techniques does the author use
to tease out information from the data? How does the author interpret the
findings? </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The final step in the
reporting on research is the <i>Discussion
and Conclusion</i>: <strong><span style="background: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 5pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></strong>How do the findings connect
with other data? What other questions can be asked based on the new
information? Has this research added any new knowledge to this topic that would
be valuable to others?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Many genealogical societies publish scholarly journals that
contain information very helpful to family researchers. But academic journals
in a variety of disciplines often contain articles of great interest to
genealogists. <br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-rFZnqmSCSDo/VCsg1digG0I/AAAAAAAABlM/Xmqgrc9ccm4/s1600/Journals%2BStacks.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-rFZnqmSCSDo/VCsg1digG0I/AAAAAAAABlM/Xmqgrc9ccm4/s1600/Journals%2BStacks.jpg" height="150" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">in the stacks</span></i><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">, <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/eclecticlibrarian/" title="Go to Anna Creech's photostream"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Anna Creech</span></a>, April 14,
2005, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Creative Commons, flickr.com<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Where might one look to find these publications? Scholarly
journals have long resided in college and other libraries. But in this age of
the internet, digital copies are now available for many journals.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-jA-QXflkys0/VCsgSScAhgI/AAAAAAAABlE/XFGskfHqlRE/s1600/jstor_logo_medium_0.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-jA-QXflkys0/VCsgSScAhgI/AAAAAAAABlE/XFGskfHqlRE/s1600/jstor_logo_medium_0.gif" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Used by permission JSTOR</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
According to Wikipedia, in 1995 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR">Princeton University</a> led an effort to digitize ten journals at seven
libraries in order to save storage space. The project was called JSTOR, “pronounced
JAY-stor; short for Journal Storage.” Today JSTOR offers “more than 1900
journal titles” from over 900 publishers. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
To get an idea of the breadth of the journal offerings at
JSTOR:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Go to the <a href="http://www.jstor.org/">webpage</a> and follow these steps:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In the upper right of the screen (next to JSTOR logo), click
“About.”</div>
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On the menu bar at the top of the screen, hold the mouse on
“For Publishers” to access a drop-down menu.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Click on “JSTOR Publishers & Content Providers.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This gives you an A-Z list of the more than 900 content
providers whose journals are in the database. You can also find journals arranged by content area: <a href="http://www.jstor.org/action/showJournals">Browse by Subject</a>.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I did a quick search and found
these intriguing organizations sure to get a genealogist’s interest up:</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Eighteenth-Century Ireland Society</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Economic History Society</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Georgia Historical Society</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Presbyterian Historical Society</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-fOAzEh64oyk/VCshsAKYxeI/AAAAAAAABlU/CkXpuFKI6i4/s1600/University%2Bof%2BArizona%2Blogo.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-fOAzEh64oyk/VCshsAKYxeI/AAAAAAAABlU/CkXpuFKI6i4/s1600/University%2Bof%2BArizona%2Blogo.png" height="186" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">University of
Arizona Vertical Logo,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> https://brand.arizona.edu/guide/identity,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">19 September 2014,
Wikimedia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Now that we know about JSTOR and its treasures, how can we
access the journals? For faculty, staff and students of one of the 8,400
institutions that belong to JSTOR world-wide (including many colleges and
universities, museums and public libraries), unlimited access is free. If you
are an alumna or alumnus of one of these participating universities,
you may also have free access. I was greatly pleased to see my alma mater, the
<a href="http://www.arizona.edu/">University of Arizona</a>, on the list!</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
How about for un-affiliated individuals? JSTOR has two ways
you can gain access: <a href="http://about.jstor.org/service/jpass">JPASS</a> (costs and has some limits) and <a href="http://about.jstor.org/rr">Register and Read </a> (free but has limits.) JSTOR is also offering free access (some limits) to journals
“published prior to 1923 in the United States and prior to 1870 elsewhere”
through a program called <a href="http://about.jstor.org/service/early-journal-content-0">Early Journal Content</a>. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Well, now that we know how to access journals at JSTOR and
what kinds of journals we can expect to find, let’s look at the results of a
search. One of my family lines is Irish, and they lived in Chicago from the
1850s. I want to learn as much about the lives of these people in the mid to
late nineteenth century as I can. In JSTOR, I did a search on “Irish Chicago” and got
over 2500 hits.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But on page 5, I found this listing:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/1085507?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=Irish&searchText=chicago&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicResults%3FQuery%3DIrish%2Bchicago%26amp%3Bprq%3DChicago%2BIrish%26amp%3Bhp%3D25%26amp%3Bacc%3Doff%26amp%3Bwc%3Don%26amp%3Bfc%3Doff%26amp%3Bso%3Drel%26amp%3Bsi%3D101">Neighborhood
Effects on the School Attendance of Irish Immigrants' Sons in Boston and
Chicago in 1860</a> <a href="http://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?hp=25&acc=off&wc=on&fc=off&so=rel&Query=au:%22David+W.+Galenson%22&si=1">David
W. Galenson</a> American Journal of Education, Vol. 105, No. 3 (May, 1997), pp.
261-293.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It is important to remember that although this article was not written for genealogists, it has great significance for anyone interested in American history: life in large cities in the nineteenth
century with an emphasis on the lives of immigrants. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-enFEuYvrHtk/VCsrG3VWi4I/AAAAAAAABlg/_PpbNh6vmbg/s1600/chicago%2Bghetto%2B1920s.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-enFEuYvrHtk/VCsrG3VWi4I/AAAAAAAABlg/_PpbNh6vmbg/s1600/chicago%2Bghetto%2B1920s.jpg" height="188" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The ghetto, Chicago, Ill.,</span></i><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Bird's-eye view of street scene, c1920, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">LC-USZ62-80739, Library of Congress Prints and</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Photographs Division Washington,
D.C. 20540 USA.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<a href="https://economics.uchicago.edu/facstaff/galenson.shtml">Dr. Galenson</a> conducted this study to shed more light on a
question that has challenged experts in academia, government, and non-profits:
does growing up in poverty in urban ghettos decrease children’s chances of
becoming employable, responsible, engaged citizens? As he states in the
introduction to the study:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“In recent years social scientists have become increasingly
interested in the question of how members of ethnic and racial minorities are
injured economically by living in segregated neighborhoods. A central concern
has been that the poverty of these neighborhoods may be self-perpetuating.” p. 261.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As Dr. Galenson noted, this concern with the adverse effects
of poverty on immigrant children is not new:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“It was often expressed in the nineteenth century, with a
particular focus on the problem of immigrant children who failed to attend
school.” p. 261-262.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The purpose of this study was to “investigate the concern of
(George Emerson, prominent Boston educator) and others in the nineteenth century
that the children of immigrants who lived in ethnic ghettos were less likely to
attend school than their peers who lived elsewhere.” p. 262.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-MO7dIDlsLvY/VCsuNm7bV0I/AAAAAAAABls/sZgTslJLg_s/s1600/1860%2BCensus1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-MO7dIDlsLvY/VCsuNm7bV0I/AAAAAAAABls/sZgTslJLg_s/s1600/1860%2BCensus1.jpg" height="320" width="233" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption">1860 Census Questionnaire, <br />
1860 Image Gallery,<br />
US Census Bureau website.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Of great interest to genealogical researchers is the source
Dr. Galenson used for his study: the 1860 Federal Census for Boston, MA and
Chicago, IL. He looked at each of the wards in both Boston and Chicago and
compared them by wealth and ethnicity – with a focus on Irish heads of
household. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Many of us have perused census documents, but it is unlikely
that we have done anything like what Dr. Galenson did with the data. Among the information the 1860 Census asked
for were the ages of the children living in the household and if they had
attended school at any time during the last year, what ethnicity the people in
the household were and if the family income was over or under $1,000 for the period.
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Correlating this data for the different wards in Boston and
Chicago allowed Dr. Galenson to see the effects of the wealth of a household,
and if the household were Irish, on the chances of the children attending
school. And what he discovered was startling:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“…in Boston the probability of school attendance was
positively related to a ward’s wealth and negatively related to its proportion
of Irish residents, but in Chicago the reverse was true.” p. 270-271.<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In other words, if you were a poor, Irish male child in Chicago
in 1860, you had a better chance of attending school than a child of similar
wealth and ethnicity in Boston.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The rest of Galenson’s study attempted to explain why this
difference existed. He found that there was no Catholic School System in Boston, so the public schools in Boston were pretty much
the only game in town – “…more than 85 percent of all children who attended
school in Boston in 1855 and 1860 went to public schools.” p. 271 In other words, the public schools had a monopoly on the market. Unless
you were wealthy, your children had only one choice – the public school.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In Chicago, on the other hand, the public schools had
competition from the Catholic Church. In fact, in 1860 nearly 36% of Chicago
children attended private school (mainly Catholic.) p. 275</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Why would it make such a difference on school attendance if
a child had the choice to attend a public or a Catholic school? Galenson found the answer in a condition that differed in each city. Boston had a public
system that went back to 1635 while Chicago’s “…basis for a city school system
was first established by an act of the Illinois legislature in 1837….”<sup> </sup>p.
283. Along with the much longer history of its public education system, Boston
had more <a href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Nativist">nativist</a> sentiment among the administrators who ran the schools and the teachers who
interacted with the students. <br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DmSrufM8ER4/VCswy5X9_sI/AAAAAAAABl4/dXcdbbWtWO0/s1600/Patriot%2Banti%2Bimmigrant.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DmSrufM8ER4/VCswy5X9_sI/AAAAAAAABl4/dXcdbbWtWO0/s1600/Patriot%2Banti%2Bimmigrant.jpg" height="277" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">American
citizens! We appeal to you in all calmness. Is it not time to pause? . . . </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A
paper entitled the American patriot, Boston : Published by</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> J.E. Farwell &
Co., 1852, LC-DIG-ppmsca-07575,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Library of Congress Prints and Photographs</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Chicago
was different:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“In contrast to Boston, Chicago’s early public school system
may have also had a different attitude toward immigrants. Chicago’s population
was very heterogeneous from its earliest days, as the foreign-born made up 30
percent of its population in 1843 and more than 50 percent in 1850.” p. 284. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
So what conclusion did Dr. Galenson make as to why Irish
boys in 1860 Chicago attended school in greater numbers than their cohorts in
Boston?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Irish children in 1860 Chicago had the choice of attending a Catholic School where their ethnicity, social class and religion were respected. On the other hand, Irish school-age boys in 1860 Boston had only one choice of school -- the public school, where they encountered discrimination due to their poverty, their Irishness, and their Catholicism. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
I learned an incredible amount of history from this academic
study – history, economic, sociology, education, immigration – all covered in
this article whose author was comparing school attendance of Irish immigrant
sons in 1860 Boston and Chicago. And only in JSTOR did I find this resource. <br />
<br />
Categories: genealogy toolsPat Spearshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12823338581399447865noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3692263915552749403.post-6751636169280291572014-08-11T21:04:00.000-04:002017-02-16T18:14:53.303-05:00Escape to Kentucky in the 1940s<div class="MsoNormal">
If you aren’t yet familiar with the novel, <i><a href="http://www.harpercollins.com/9780062233165/a-far-piece-to-canaan">A Far Piece to Canaan</a></i>, by <a href="http://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-life-and-religion/132836/sht-my-dad-wrote">Sam Halpern</a>, you’re in for an unforgettable reading
experience.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-dHmJcQ_qvbs/U-j1t2V_WQI/AAAAAAAABjU/8e3Et1lieDg/s1600/Canaan+cover.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-dHmJcQ_qvbs/U-j1t2V_WQI/AAAAAAAABjU/8e3Et1lieDg/s1600/Canaan+cover.jpg" height="320" width="212" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Used by permission of<br />
Harper Collins and author</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
This book, although a novel, reads like a memoir. The first-person
narrative keeps you riveted to the page. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
You can read <i>Canaan</i>
on many levels. First, there is the pure joy of being immersed in rural
Kentucky of the 1940s. For anyone with an interest in family history, this is a
visit to a by-gone time and place that you won’t want to miss. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
When you read <i>Canaan</i>,
you get a glimpse of daily life seventy years ago in a small farming community
where everyone (except the few landlords) is trying to eke out a living by
<a href="http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/sharecropping">sharecropping</a>. Although extreme poverty hangs over the community, this seems to help bring
people together. We watch neighbors come together at revival meetings, during
plantings and harvests when someone is injured or falls sick, and when their
stock<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-R8mzNFCqzNs/U-j2Lg1WydI/AAAAAAAABjc/TRjmTY5KwF8/s1600/KY+sheep.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-R8mzNFCqzNs/U-j2Lg1WydI/AAAAAAAABjc/TRjmTY5KwF8/s1600/KY+sheep.jpg" height="227" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sheep grazing
on farm of Russell Spears near Lexington, Kentucky, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://www.loc.gov/pictures/related/?fi=name&q=Wolcott%2C%20Marion%20Post%2C%201910-1990"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Wolcott, Marion Post, 1910-1990</span></a><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">, photographer, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[1940 Sept.?], LC-USF33-031128-M1, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Washington, DC 20540 USA </span><a href="http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print</span></a><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
is threatened by an unknown peril.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The main character is Samuel Zelinsky, who at the outset is the
twelve-year old son of a Jewish couple, Morris and Liz Zelinsky. Morris is a
sharecropper, and the novel begins when the family moves to an area “fifteen
miles south of Lexington, Kentucky” to begin three years of cropping on Mr.
Berman’s farm. You can read <i>Canaan</i> as
a “coming of age” story. Halpern weaves an interlocking tale of a group of
young boys who have fun doing things that kids today often miss out on as they
build friendships. But the group also finds out that life can put you into
situations where you are torn between loyalty and doing what’s right.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Halpern appeals to all of our senses as he paints a picture
of Kentucky: </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
“March and early April crept by in their wet, cool,
blustery, miserable way, and real spring come on with its bee-buzzing sounds
and warm-wind feeling. <br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rlyEFNI1fWo/U-lI_Mjy9iI/AAAAAAAABjs/bsXuhSRYBBU/s1600/Blooming-tree-apple-spring_-_West_Virginia_-_ForestWander.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rlyEFNI1fWo/U-lI_Mjy9iI/AAAAAAAABjs/bsXuhSRYBBU/s1600/Blooming-tree-apple-spring_-_West_Virginia_-_ForestWander.jpg" height="213" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><a href="http://www.forestwander.com/2009/02/blooming-tree-apple-spring/">http://www.forestwander.com/2009/02</a></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><a href="http://www.forestwander.com/2009/02/blooming-tree-apple-spring/">/blooming-tree-apple-spring/</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ForestWander
Nature Photography, Wikimedia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The brown hills turned dark green and the apple trees busted out in pink-white. The creek in the hollow below the tobacco barn<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-deyz_dawuhU/U-lemI1H_LI/AAAAAAAABkE/yH2OpD2USu4/s1600/KY+Field+tobacco.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-deyz_dawuhU/U-lemI1H_LI/AAAAAAAABkE/yH2OpD2USu4/s1600/KY+Field+tobacco.jpg" height="227" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Field of
Burley tobacco on farm of Russell Spears, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">drying and curing barn</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> in the
background, vicinity of Lexington, Ky., </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://www.loc.gov/pictures/related/?fi=name&q=Wolcott%2C%20Marion%20Post%2C%201910-1990"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Wolcott, Marion Post, 1910-1990</span></a><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> photographer, 1940 Sept.,
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">LC-DIG-fsac-1a34368, Library of Congress</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Prints and Photographs Division
Washington, D.C. 20540</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> USA </span><a href="http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print</span></a><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
settled back inside its banks and it was a
great feeling to belly down beside it and listen to its sounds and let the sun
beat down on my back and smell the grass and warm, black, soft, moist ground.”
p. 21</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>Canaan</i> is also a
testament to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Dream">American Dream</a> of owning your own piece of land. Genealogists who study early America from the
mid-1600s through the early 1900s are familiar with the hunger for land that resulted
in people spreading across this continent. I believe this “land rush” lasted
longer and had more effect on the making of America than almost any other
phenomenon. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
By the time Samuel Zelinsky’s family came to Kentucky, the
time of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_patent">land patents</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_Acts">homestead acts</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_run">land rushes</a> and <a href="https://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/US_Military_Bounty_Land_Warrants">military bounty land warrants</a> was
long gone. You had to have resources to buy land in the 1940s and after the
<a href="http://www.history.com/topics/great-depression">Great Depression</a> of the past decade, many people had very few. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><br /></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>Canaan</i> gives us a chance to see the scourges
of this poverty up-front as the families in this story are all barely making it
from season to season. They often see their profits eaten up by what the
landlord claims and by what bad weather does to their crops. But what keeps
them going is the hope that sometime in the future, with lots of hard work and
luck, they might be able to save some dollars for a down payment on their own
few acres.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-i3MR8rmDaYg/U-lgVwxN45I/AAAAAAAABkY/0MYwvnx6S4M/s1600/KY+children+plowing2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-i3MR8rmDaYg/U-lgVwxN45I/AAAAAAAABkY/0MYwvnx6S4M/s1600/KY+children+plowing2.jpg" height="238" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Willie Nall,
11 years old; Raymond Jones, 10 years old; Denver Jones, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5 years old; plowing
on farm, …Elizabethtown vicinity,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Kentucky; </span><a href="http://www.loc.gov/pictures/related/?fi=name&q=Hine%2C%20Lewis%20Wickes%2C%201874-1940"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Hine, Lewis Wickes, 1874-1940</span></a><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">, photographer; </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1916 May 5,
LC-DIG-nclc-00399, Library of Congress Prints</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> and Photographs Division
Washington, DC 20540 USA</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print</span></a><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
For those genealogists who wonder, and I think that includes
all of us, how childhood circumstances affected our ancestors in their adult
lives, <i>Canaan</i> lets us look over
Samuel Zelinsky’s shoulder as he interacts with his peers on neighboring farms.
We learn about the values that Samuel internalizes from his day-to-day
socialization, some from his parents but mostly from the boys who become his
friends. And <i>Canaan’s</i> author gives us
the opportunity to see how this early part of Samuel’s life plays a part in his
efforts in later life to fit in in college and the workplace.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The book also touches on the themes of immigration and
religious persecution. The Zelinsky family is Jewish, and Morris was sent to
America from Eastern Europe in the early 1900s to escape <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom">pogroms</a>. But he found that even in America, the
land of immigrants from so many cultures and religions, anti-semitism was
present. When his mother worries about Samuel’s friends, Morris assures her
that the boys are good for Samuel:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“…there’s nothing wrong with those boys. They’re good kids
and they treat him like one of their own. They don’t hold it against him that
he’s a Jew. They don’t look up to him or down at him, just across, and that’s
what I want for Samuel.” p. 34 </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As you watch the adventures that Samuel and his friends have
and how they treat each other, you can judge whether or not Morris was right.</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
You can read <i>Canaan</i>
on many different levels: a sociological study of mid-twentieth century rural
America, a psychological profile of a man whose relationship challenges in
adulthood have their roots in his childhood, a rip-roaring saga of the everyday
doings of young boys in the days when after the work was done, you could get
lost all day in the woods and never see an adult.<br />
<br />
document types</div>
Pat Spearshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12823338581399447865noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3692263915552749403.post-3345014081978297012014-07-09T15:01:00.001-04:002017-02-16T18:14:53.219-05:00The Rise of the Irish in Chicago<div class="MsoNormal">
I have long lamented the fact that so little is written
about the Irish in Chicago in the mid- nineteenth century. I have wondered what
life was like in Chicago for my great, great grandparents, John Carney/Kearney
and Mary Duffy in the 1870s and 1880s. But as so often happens in life, when
you put something out there, suddenly help appears! I found a reference to
<a href="http://www.ellenskerrett.com/">Ellen Skerrett</a> in a Chicago Tribune newspaper article by <a href="http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1997-09-14/features/9709140174_1_parishes-sacred-space-churches">Ken O’Brien</a>. He described Ellen as “a
walking, talking book of Chicago history.” When O’Brien further stated that Ellen had
spent years researching the Chicago Irish, I was hooked! I had to find out
more. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As I read O’Brien’s article, I saw that while working on her
Master’s degree at the University of Chicago in 1974, Ellen began studying the
part that neighborhood Catholic parishes played in the lives of the immigrant Irish
in Chicago in the nineteenth century. From that time on, she has been
researching, writing and collaborating with other experts on the Irish American
experience in Chicago to produce numerous books. In this post, I will discuss
two of her contributions to the field:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>“Nineteenth Century
Chicago Irish: A Social and Political Portrait”</i> (Charles Fanning, Ellen
Skerrett, John Corrigan). Loyola
University Center for Urban Policy, 1980 [title abbreviation: <i>NCCI]</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><br /></i></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-x6phJs-HOqs/U7smzoYIKXI/AAAAAAAABhg/mTyHbOuDTi0/s1600/19th+century+Chicago+Irish+cover.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-x6phJs-HOqs/U7smzoYIKXI/AAAAAAAABhg/mTyHbOuDTi0/s1600/19th+century+Chicago+Irish+cover.jpg" height="400" width="263" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Used by permission of Ellen Skerrett</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><br /></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Ellen, Skerrett, Editor, <i>At the Crossroads: Old Saint Patrick’s and the Chicago Irish</i>.
Loyola Press, 1997 [title abbreviation: ATC]<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-oW7ybW3K9p8/U7xGw70XcvI/AAAAAAAABhw/m5UqRanNf4M/s1600/At+the+Crossroads.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-oW7ybW3K9p8/U7xGw70XcvI/AAAAAAAABhw/m5UqRanNf4M/s1600/At+the+Crossroads.jpg" height="320" width="243" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Used by permission of Ellen Skerrett</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
From these two works, I learned much about the attitude of
US-born people in Chicago to the immigrant Irish, the poverty that plagued the new
arrivals, the role the parish church played in bringing the newcomers into
mainstream American life, and how the Irish used the Anglo-Saxon government
structure to their advantage. The Irish faced the disadvantages of arriving in
this urban setting with few skills other than subsistence farming and of
following a religion that raised the suspicions of the native Protestant
Chicagoans. Yet, as Ellen discusses in her ATC essay "Creating Sacred Space in an Early Chicago Neighborhood", the Catholic Church provided the Irish with a community that
held them together, ministered to their needs and educated their children, thus
helping the second generation move toward the middle class:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
"...Irish Catholics in Chicago used the process of church-building to create a place for themselves -- and leave their imprint on the landscape." p 24 <i>ATC</i><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DTEZHVwJkP0/U7xHgjN1G4I/AAAAAAAABh4/0YGF6_XD7uQ/s1600/St.+Patrick's+Church.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DTEZHVwJkP0/U7xHgjN1G4I/AAAAAAAABh4/0YGF6_XD7uQ/s1600/St.+Patrick's+Church.jpg" height="400" width="221" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">St. Patrick's Church,
Adams & Desplaines Streets, Chicago<br /> (Cook County, Illinois, from the </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Historic_American_Buildings_Survey" title="w:en:Historic American Buildings Survey"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Historic
American<br /> Buildings Survey</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> (HABS),Wikimedia.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
"For immigrants and their children, churches such as Saint Patrick's and Holy Name represented a crucial beginning in creating community, identity, and a sense of belonging in their new urban neighborhoods." p. 30 <i>ATC </i><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<i><br /></i>"...creating sacred space in the city built community and laid the foundation for other important initiatives, especially parochial schools and social services." p. 34 <i>ATC</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><br /></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The reaction of <span style="line-height: 115%;">US-born Americans</span> to the stream of
Irish immigrants in the nineteenth century is a familiar one in American
history and is still around today in the immigration debate. Whether newcomers are welcomed or fiercely
rejected by those already here depends on several factors. One is the economy.
If it is booming and jobs are plentiful, then new workers are accepted. But
when jobs are scarce, new arrivals are viewed as a threat. A second factor, discussed by Eileen Durkin, one of the essayists in <i>ATC,</i> in her piece "Saint Patrick's Day at Saint Patrick's Church", is the
number of incoming persons:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“By 1843, they (the Irish immigrants) accounted for only 773
of Chicago’s 7,580 residents (about 10%)
….” p. 5 <i>ATC</i> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
These numbers didn’t raise much worry among the native born
population. But in 1845, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinealy1995xvi.E2.80.93ii-1">Great Famine</a> struck Ireland, and it continued to devastate the land until 1850. Trying to escape starvation, the Irish came to America in huge numbers, and
many settled in Chicago as Ms. Durkin writes:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“After the Famine, almost one in five (about 20%) Chicagoans
were Irish-born.” p. 7 <i>ATC<o:p></o:p></i><br />
<i><br /></i>
On the Library of Congress website, I found an advertisement for a "short-lived nativist newspaper" -- <i>American Citizen</i> -- that was published in Boston in 1852. It shows the venom of the nativist position:<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-LaD72vzqwmQ/U7y8hgxuNMI/AAAAAAAABi0/jz49cc8lGCw/s1600/Patriot+anti+immigrant.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-LaD72vzqwmQ/U7y8hgxuNMI/AAAAAAAABi0/jz49cc8lGCw/s1600/Patriot+anti+immigrant.jpg" height="278" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A paper
entitled the American patriot, Boston : Published by</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> J.E. Farwell & Co.,
1852, LC-DIG-ppmsca-07575, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Library of Congress website http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2008661538/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
As illustrated above, another factor affecting the reception given to immigrants
is the religion of the new arrivals. The large increase in mostly poor,
low-skilled Irish <i>Catholic</i> immigrants
caused fear and anger in the city. No longer were these Catholic newcomers
unnoticed. An editorial in the <i>Chicago Tribune</i> in 1855, quoted by <a href="http://library.sau.edu/irish/new_page_3.htm">Lawrence J. McCaffrey</a> in his essay "Preserving the Union, Shaping a New Image: Chicago's Irish Catholics and the Civil War", captured the sentiments
of many “<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativism_(politics)">nativists</a>” in Chicago:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Who does not know that the most depraved, debased,
worthless and irredeemable drunkards and sots which curse the community are
Irish Catholics?” p. 53 <i>ATC<o:p></o:p></i><br />
<i><br /></i>
But McCaffrey goes on to say that the Irish showed patriotism and bravery in the Civil War:<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-rVDUT36xj7k/U7xInFRGHtI/AAAAAAAABiI/slenBqt95RI/s1600/Irish+brigade.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-rVDUT36xj7k/U7xInFRGHtI/AAAAAAAABiI/slenBqt95RI/s1600/Irish+brigade.jpg" height="320" width="245" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Col. Jas. A.
Mulligan: Of the Illinois "Irish Brigade", </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">New York: Currier &
Ives, between 1860 and 1870,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> LC-DIG-ppmsca-08408</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> (digital file from original
print),</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Library of Congress website.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
“…the Chicago Times acknowledged the bravery and patriotism of Irish immigrants and noted that thousands of Irish Catholics had already rushed to the rescue of their adopted country, leaving ‘peaceful avocations’; to bring ‘terror and dismay’ to the Confederate foe.” p. 64 <i>ATC</i><br />
<br />
Poverty, its causes and effects can be very public: disease-ravaged
slums teeming with families in overcrowded conditions with poor sanitation,
abandoned children in the poor house, increasing numbers of the destitute, the
hopelessness of lack of opportunity, domestic violence and drunkenness were not
easy to overlook.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In the eyes of many of the Anglo-Saxon Protestants of
Chicago, the poverty of the Irish and their foreign religion were a double
threat to the public order. The fear that somehow the Pope might try to influence
America’s government was still present when the Irish-American (4<sup>th</sup>
generation Irish) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_family">John F. Kennedy </a> ran for President in 1960. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
While local newspapers and some people running for office on
an anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic platform decried the Irish, the Catholic
Church in Chicago set about helping them. As <a href="http://www.press.uillinois.edu/books/catalog/55anf4tf9780252030574.html">Suellen Hoy</a> describes in her essay "Walking Nuns: Chicago's Irish Sisters of Mercy", in 1846, the Sisters of Mercy arrived
in Chicago and began their life-saving ministry, including building <a href="http://www.mercy-chicago.org/legacy/history">Mercy Hospital</a>:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-S6xBBPjWLV4/U72NXHDeQ2I/AAAAAAAABjE/L31n7bKH38Y/s1600/Mercy+Hospital.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-S6xBBPjWLV4/U72NXHDeQ2I/AAAAAAAABjE/L31n7bKH38Y/s1600/Mercy+Hospital.jpg" height="231" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mercy Hospital,
<a href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/mcc,gottscho,detr,nfor,wpa,aap,cwar,bbpix,cowellbib,calbkbib,consrvbib,bdsbib,dag,fsaall,gmd,pan,vv,presp,varstg,suffrg,nawbib,horyd,wtc,toddbib,mgw,ncr,ngp,musdibib,hlaw,papr,lhbumbib,rbpebib,lbcoll,alad,hh,aaodyssey,magbell,bbc,dcm,raelbib,runyon,dukesm,lomaxbib,mtj,gottlieb,aep,qlt,coolbib,fpnas,aasm,denn,relpet,amss,aaeo,mff,afc911bib,mjm,mnwp,rbcmillerbib,molden,ww2map,mfdipbib,afcnyebib,klpmap,hawp,omhbib,rbaapcbib,mal,ncpsbib,ncpm,lhbprbib,ftvbib,afcreed,aipn,cwband,flwpabib,wpapos,cmns,psbib,pin,coplandbib,cola,tccc,curt,mharendt,lhbcbbib,eaa,haybib,mesnbib,fine,cwnyhs,svybib,mmorse,afcwwgbib,mymhiwebib,uncall,afcwip,mtaft,manz,llstbib,fawbib,berl,fmuever,cdn,upboverbib,mussm,cic,afcpearl,awh,awhbib,sgp,wright,lhbtnbib,afcesnbib,hurstonbib,mreynoldsbib,spaldingbib,sgproto,scsmbib,afccalbib,mamcol:@OR(@field(AUTHOR+@3(Chicago+Daily+News,+Inc+,+))+@field(OTHER+@3(Chicago+Daily+News,+Inc+,+)))"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Chicago Daily
News, Inc.,</span></a> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">photographer, 1909, DN-0007384,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Chicago Daily
News negatives collection, Chicago History Museum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
By 1849, “the Sisters of Mercy were already operating three
schools, teaching Sunday School at Saint Patrick’s, running an employment
bureau for Irish working women, volunteering at a free dispensary opened by
Rush Medical College, and holding night classes for illiterate adults.” Then “…when a cholera epidemic struck during
the summer of 1849…a large number of Irish died….they [the Sisters] began
nursing cholera victims.” p. 41 <i>ATC<o:p></o:p></i><br />
<i><br /></i>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-H_yL1dzd7B8/U7xMJNgMKWI/AAAAAAAABiU/ApkB2RUQILQ/s1600/Sisters+of+Mercy+marker.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-H_yL1dzd7B8/U7xMJNgMKWI/AAAAAAAABiU/ApkB2RUQILQ/s1600/Sisters+of+Mercy+marker.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sisters of
Mercy, </span><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/afunkydamsel/" title="Go to afunkydamsel's photostream"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">afunkydamsel</span></a><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">, Taken on</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> April 10, 2011, Flickr,
Creative Commons.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
The Irish turned to their parish churches for more than
spiritual guidance, education for their children, and medical help. The parish
became the foundation, the springboard for the Irish to infiltrate Chicago
politics. It was in the parish that Irish politicians began building their
power base, to take advantage of the Irishman’s desire to become American.
Citizenship was an important step towards reaching the goal. And with
citizenship came the right to vote. The influx of Irish voters guaranteed a
majority voting the Irish ticket in <a href="http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/532.html">Ward </a>elections. And so control was gradually wrested
away from the old Anglo-Saxon power elite. (pgs. 2-3 <i>NCCI</i>) </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But getting people to vote and getting into office was just the
first part of the Irish-American politicos’strategy. The new Ward aldermen knew
their way around the Anglo-Saxon system of government from all the years they
and/or their parents had spent living in Ireland and dealing with British
colonialism, a knowledge that the other immigrant groups to America lacked. (p.
2, <i>NCCI)</i> Using the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_boss">boss system</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_machine">machine politics</a>, (and some would say abusing their
political power), the aldermen provided relief to their communities: </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“…the poor obtained food, coal, and jobs; Christmas turkeys
and Easter hams found their way to empty tables; and the financial burden
associated with baptisms, weddings, and wakes was lightened by contributions
from the ward boss or his precinct captain.” (p. 14, <i>NCCI</i>)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As you can see, these two histories ̶
one edited and one co-written by Ellen
Skerrett ̶ give us a
clear picture of the life of the Irish in nineteenth century Chicago: their
struggle to overcome prejudice, poverty, lack of a voice in the new land, and
the role the Catholic Church played in both ameliorating the burdens of the
first generation and moving the second generation into the American mainstream.
But there is much more to discover in the two books.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-h9go2pdjJ1M/U7ywuC2ixwI/AAAAAAAABik/4PIU7P0VoFs/s1600/Mr.+Dooley.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-h9go2pdjJ1M/U7ywuC2ixwI/AAAAAAAABik/4PIU7P0VoFs/s1600/Mr.+Dooley.jpg" height="320" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Finley Peter
Dunne, "Mr. Dooley", Artist: Ward, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Leslie Matthew, aka SPY, Lithograph
July 27, 1905,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> CCNY Art Collection, Flickr, public domain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Another of the
writers, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fanning">Charles Fanning</a>, presents the life story and career of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finley_Peter_Dunne">Finley Peter Dunne</a>, the creator of the Mr. Dooley columns in Chicago newspapers, in his essay "Mr. Dooley Reconsidered, Community Memory, Journalism and the Oral Tradition":<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Between 1893 and 1900, some three hundred Dooley pieces
appeared ….Taken together, they form a coherent body of work, in which a vivid,
detailed world comes into existence—a self-contained immigrant/ethnic culture
with its own customs, ceremonies, ‘sacred sites,’ social pecking order, heroes,
villains, and victims.” p. 72 <i>ATC</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><br /></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As you can see, if you want a glimpse into what life was
like for the Irish of Chicago in the mid-to-late nineteenth century, you will
want to read Ellen Skerrett’s books. Since they are both out of print, you will
need to use <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlibrary_loan">interlibrary loan</a>, (ILL) or see if you can locate one on <a href="http://ebay.com/">ebay.com</a>,
as I did.</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Categories: genealogy tools</div>
Pat Spearshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12823338581399447865noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3692263915552749403.post-38529389214439160302014-06-01T17:49:00.000-04:002017-02-16T18:14:53.242-05:00Conversing with Your Ancestors<div class="MsoNormal">
A wonderful tool for genealogists is the mailing list. In a post from <a href="http://spearspat.blogspot.com/2011/09/message-boards-v-mailing-lists.html">September 24, 2011</a>, I wrote about how I used one of these lists to ask a question. You can read even more about this tool and how
to use it in Kimberly Powell’s e-article she wrote for <a href="http://press.about.com/our-story/">about.com </a> called “<a href="http://genealogy.about.com/od/mailinglists/a/mailing_lists.htm">How to Use Genealogy Mailing Lists toFurther Your Research</a>.”<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3Kgpl4nIumU/U4uNPmYcAOI/AAAAAAAABgM/5ZovRtjiaZQ/s1600/Red+question+marks.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3Kgpl4nIumU/U4uNPmYcAOI/AAAAAAAABgM/5ZovRtjiaZQ/s1600/Red+question+marks.jpg" height="160" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Help by <a href="http://www.publicdomainpictures.net/browse-author.php?a=1335"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kosta Kostov</span></a>,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">public domain.bing.com</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Genealogy mailing lists are a great source of information. Not only can
you ask a question to the readers of the list, but you can see other people’s
queries. Sometimes list members simply post items of interest. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ADkzZjB-GR0/U4uM6e9WrkI/AAAAAAAABgE/x_vDntErry0/s1600/Mailing+list.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ADkzZjB-GR0/U4uM6e9WrkI/AAAAAAAABgE/x_vDntErry0/s1600/Mailing+list.jpg" height="231" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><h1 style="background: #FBFBFB; margin-top: 0in;">
<a href="http://pixabay.com/en/personal-person-group-monitor-260581/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Personal</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><a href="http://pixabay.com/en/personal-person-group-monitor-260581/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Person</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><a href="http://pixabay.com/en/personal-person-group-monitor-260581/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Group</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><a href="http://pixabay.com/en/personal-person-group-monitor-260581/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Monitor</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><a href="http://pixabay.com/en/personal-person-group-monitor-260581/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">World</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><a href="http://pixabay.com/en/personal-person-group-monitor-260581/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Globe</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><a href="http://pixabay.com/en/personal-person-group-monitor-260581/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Earth</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, pixabay.com<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<br />
In one of my favorite genealogy mailing lists, the <a href="http://lists.rootsweb.ancestry.com/index/usa/IL/cook.html">COOK-CO-IL</a> list, I recently saw a message (Vol. 9 Issue 58) by <a href="https://twitter.com/ItsAllRelatives">Laura Aanenson</a> in which she muses
about questions she wishes she could ask her ancestors. Laura provides a
link to her <a href="http://where2look4ancestors.com/2014/05/20/dear-ancestor-i-have-a-few-questions/">blog</a> where you can read these questions. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Just
looking down the list of her questions, you get a good idea of how to start a
genealogical search: look for vital records! But there are other questions in
Laura’s list that most family historians soon learn aren’t easy to find the
answers to. Information on the details of daily living, family traditions, and
stories passed down: these can’t be found in the census or birth, marriage, and
death records. We have to dig deeper.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-CxVpoO9zn5Q/U4uPl7oEl3I/AAAAAAAABgY/Jn-wTMJ-Y-E/s1600/who+what+where+why+when.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-CxVpoO9zn5Q/U4uPl7oEl3I/AAAAAAAABgY/Jn-wTMJ-Y-E/s1600/who+what+where+why+when.jpg" height="320" width="218" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Where, When,
Who, What, Why, How?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Office for Emergency Management.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> War Production Board, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ca.
1942 - ca. 1943, Wikimedia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Laura ended her mailing list message with an invitation to
list readers to think of questions they would love to ask their ancestors. I
would dearly love to have asked my great grandmother, Mary Carney/Kearney Kries
Lauer, who died in 1955 when I was ten, a few things:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YdsOfYgKuFQ/U4uVjhEDp5I/AAAAAAAABgo/nOBVVU9raAs/s1600/Mary+Carney+Kries+Lauer.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YdsOfYgKuFQ/U4uVjhEDp5I/AAAAAAAABgo/nOBVVU9raAs/s1600/Mary+Carney+Kries+Lauer.jpg" height="400" width="226" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Taken by Art Spears, ca. 1955 of<br />
Mary Carney Kries Lauer</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<ol>
<li>How did your parents spell their last name – Carney or
Kearney?</li>
<li>Where in Ireland were your parents born?</li>
<li>Did your mother come over from Ireland on her own or with
her family? When/where did she arrive in America?</li>
<li>Were you really orphaned as the family story says? Were you
put in a Catholic orphanage?</li>
<li>Was Patrick William Kearney, who was born in 1877 and died
just two years later, your brother?</li>
</ol>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Of course I would have a whole lot more things to ask, but the
answers to these five questions would really help clear up some of my brick walls.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-45aC_oyjl-k/U4uW_jOq7RI/AAAAAAAABgw/x11HyXdjpOs/s1600/brick-wall-and-window.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-45aC_oyjl-k/U4uW_jOq7RI/AAAAAAAABgw/x11HyXdjpOs/s1600/brick-wall-and-window.jpg" height="202" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Brick wall
and window by George Hodan,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Publicdomainpictures.net, bing.com.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
My friend and mentor, Kate from Chicago, also answered
Laura’s challenge and posted her own set of ancestral questions on the Cook
list. Again, Kate’s questions reflect what we yearn to know about our
ancestors:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
"I always want to know the human side of things. I want
to see their eyes ... touch their hands ....</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
1. What do you remember about growing up? School? Housing? Chores?
Celebrations? Tragedies?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
2. What did he/she look like? Were they quiet/entertaining?
Kind? Gruff?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
3. What kind of clothes did you wear? Where did you get
them?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
4. What did you eat? What were family meals like?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
5. Were you close to other family members? Neighbors?
Involved in the parish?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
6. What kind of work did they do? Describe it.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Kate in Chicago"</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
To really learn about the details of the lives of those who
lived before us, we must dig deeper than the usual birth, marriage, death, and
census records. We want to search for stories and histories, letters, diaries,
journals, and newspapers. Even if our people did not leave their own personal
writings, others who lived near them may have done so. Finding relevant sources
gives you the closest experience
possible to being able to ask your ancestors about their lives.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Finally, Laura and Kate’s lists of ancestor questions can
serve another function. Even if you can’t ask your questions of deceased
ancestors, you can use these lists (and more that you create) to help frame
interviews with living relatives. Take these to family reunions. Happy asking!<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Pwqr0HVXKiI/U4uZ_iRhEaI/AAAAAAAABhE/wjwS3W7jt2s/s1600/Miners+reunion.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Pwqr0HVXKiI/U4uZ_iRhEaI/AAAAAAAABhE/wjwS3W7jt2s/s1600/Miners+reunion.jpg" height="270" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Miners and their
families gather … at the Tennessee Consolidated </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Coal Company first annual
picnic…, Environmental</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Protection Agency, 08/1974, Wikimedia.</span><span style="background: #F9F9F9; color: #252525; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Categories: genealogy tools, document typesPat Spearshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12823338581399447865noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3692263915552749403.post-43776667938343868242014-04-19T17:45:00.000-04:002017-02-16T18:14:53.257-05:00Writing an Outstanding Family Story<div class="MsoNormal">
Many family historians begin their search for ancestors in
the same way. We start with names and dates of birth and death, relationship to
us, and finally countries of origin. But most of us are not satisfied to stop
with just the facts. A common trait of genealogists is the hunger for
knowledge. We want to know what kind of lives our ancestors had in their
countries of birth. Why did some decide to emigrate and others didn’t? What
were their lives like in their new countries?<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pyA_1j7p9AY/U1G38Wl3jhI/AAAAAAAABeU/qf12SybEoN4/s1600/John-Adams_diary_1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pyA_1j7p9AY/U1G38Wl3jhI/AAAAAAAABeU/qf12SybEoN4/s1600/John-Adams_diary_1.jpg" height="640" width="396" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Royall Tyler
Collection's original manuscript by John Adams (1735–1826), Wikimedia.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
For some of us, these questions can be answered by family
stories, diaries and journals, letters, bibles, and published histories.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pkjEEJ8gqh8/U1G4TXzY6jI/AAAAAAAABec/sTDGhlEP5LY/s1600/Thomas_Jefferson_Abigail_Adams_letter_1817.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pkjEEJ8gqh8/U1G4TXzY6jI/AAAAAAAABec/sTDGhlEP5LY/s1600/Thomas_Jefferson_Abigail_Adams_letter_1817.jpg" height="640" width="490" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Letter to Abigail
Adams, wife of former President John Adams,<br /> written by Jefferson at
Monticello...15 May 1817. <br />The Thomas Jefferson Papers, Series 1, General
Correspondence, <br />The Library of Congress, Washington, D. C., Wikimedia</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
But
for many, our forebears were struggling to survive and may not have been able
to read or write. Their individual stories have been lost to the progression of
generations who followed them. However, for some families a combination of an auspicious
historical time period, a wealth of letter-writing members, and some living
relations with excellent memories come together, just waiting for a modern-day
scribe to weave a history. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Laskin">David Laskin</a> is a
best-selling author who turned his talents to writing the history of his
Hakohen family line in his book, <a href="http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/17674970-the-family">TheFamily: Three Journeys Into The Heartof The Twentieth Century</a>.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-u37QWGB03as/U1G7sVojkSI/AAAAAAAABeo/AqKNyThxbnA/s1600/cover+Laskin.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-u37QWGB03as/U1G7sVojkSI/AAAAAAAABeo/AqKNyThxbnA/s1600/cover+Laskin.jpg" height="320" width="211" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Used by permission of publisher</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Laskin explains that this surname has three
different spellings depending upon the country that some family members were
living in. In Russia, where the family story first starts, the name was
“Kaganovich.” In America, where one branch of the family immigrated, the name
is “Cohen.” In Israel, where another branch chose to live, the name in Hebrew
is <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 25.299999237060547px;">“Hakohen.”</span><sup style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 21.083332061767578px;">1</sup></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Laskin begins his chronicle with Shimon Dov Hakohen and his
wife Beyle Shapiro who were born in the mid-1800s in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement">Russian Pale of Settlemen</a>t.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-sH9McZcTXFQ/U1G8Hfyc1gI/AAAAAAAABew/mt8kA7xSypE/s1600/Russian+Pale.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-sH9McZcTXFQ/U1G8Hfyc1gI/AAAAAAAABew/mt8kA7xSypE/s1600/Russian+Pale.jpg" height="320" width="264" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">"Map of Western
Russia Showing the Jewish Pale of Settlement,” 1905, Herman Rosenthal; <br />J.G.
Lipman; Vasili Rosenthal; L. Wygodsky; M. Mysh; Abraham Galante (1905)<br /> "Russia" in </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view_page.jsp?artid=479&letter=R&pid=13"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Jewish Encyclopedia: Vol. 10,
Philipson–Samoscz</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">,<br /> New York,
N.Y.: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk_%26_Wagnalls" title="w:Funk & Wagnalls"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Funk & Wagnalls</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">, pp. 531, Wikimedia.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</a>
By 1900, six children, ranging in age from 17 to 38 were born, and several had
children of their own. The family members lived in two small towns between
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilnius">Vilna </a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk">Minsk</a>. Most of Laskin’s story is about the
lives of the children of Shimon and Beyle whose lives coincided with the
twentieth century.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Like many family chroniclers, Laskin didn’t become
interested in the story of his family as a young man. But when he did, he was
very fortunate that several members of the family were still living who had
knowledge of the past, from hearing first-hand accounts from relatives now
passed away, and who were willing to share what they knew. Another very lucky
break was the fact that much correspondence among family members, going back to
the early 1900s, survived.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The first part of Laskin’s book tells about life for Shimon
and Beyle Hakohen, their children and their grandchildren in the Pale. We learn
of the conditions of daily life in a small village in the early years of the
1900s with Jewish and Christian neighbors living along side each other. We read
about everyday family life, marriages, births, work and economic conditions. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Laskin also tells us of the pogroms that came with
regularity and how these devastating periods of slaughter of Jews out of ethnic
hatred impacted the younger generation of Hakohens. This history of
institutionalized persecution along with bleak economic prospects propeled two
branches of third-generation Russian Hakohens out of the Pale forever, illustrating
the “<a href="http://www.globalization101.org/push-factors/">push factor</a>” in emigration. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-28gap34O8K4/U1G9mT0DJqI/AAAAAAAABe8/arTljSB5sOc/s1600/push+and+pull.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-28gap34O8K4/U1G9mT0DJqI/AAAAAAAABe8/arTljSB5sOc/s1600/push+and+pull.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://www.presentable.es/filosofia-de-las-presentaciones/presentaciones-push-presentaciones-pull/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.presentable.es/filosofia-de-las-</span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://www.presentable.es/filosofia-de-las-presentaciones/presentaciones-push-presentaciones-pull/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">presentaciones/presentaciones-push-presentaciones-pull/</span></a><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">bing.com, free to share.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
We know the reasons that pushed the young Hakohens to leave
the Pale, but what were the “<a href="http://www.globalization101.org/pull-factors/">pull factors</a>” or the motives behind <i>where</i> they
chose to emigrate? Laskin gives an inspiring picture of Sonia and Chaim
Kaganovich, grandchildren of Shimon Dov Hakohen and first cousins, who longed
to be part of establishing a Jewish homeland.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-c-nEOlDENUU/U1LnxIyFzUI/AAAAAAAABfY/yibpOjVD07E/s1600/kibbutz.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-c-nEOlDENUU/U1LnxIyFzUI/AAAAAAAABfY/yibpOjVD07E/s1600/kibbutz.jpg" height="211" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pioneers in
Kibbutz Ein Harod , Settlements in Israel,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> between 1920 and 1925,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <a href="http://www.pikiwiki.org.il/?action=gallery&img_id=8742">PikiWiki
- Israel free image collection project</a>, Wikimedia.</span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
In Chapters 11 and 12, we read of
their separate journeys to Palestine, their individual beginnings in the land
and their coming together in marriage. What a powerful window of history Laskin
opens for us as we glimpse the struggles of Jews and Arabs to live in the same
land.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-cpyQRrLZV7g/U1Llv3F1_oI/AAAAAAAABfM/WeEj9ULwIfw/s1600/BritishMandateforpalestine1922.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-cpyQRrLZV7g/U1Llv3F1_oI/AAAAAAAABfM/WeEj9ULwIfw/s1600/BritishMandateforpalestine1922.png" height="256" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">British Mandate for
Palestine, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Seblini&action=edit&redlink=1" title="User:Seblini (page does not exist)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Seblini</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">, 29 January 2012, Wikimedia.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
We watch the pioneering Jews as they tackle often harsh climate
conditions to turn barren land into thriving farms. This is a genealogist’s
dream: to see into their emigrant ancestors’ daily lives in their new
countries. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
So far Laskin has introduced us to two branches of the
Kaganovich family: one that stayed in the Pale and one that made a foothold in
Palestine. But there is a third branch. Itel Kaganovich, the oldest
granddaughter, who was born in 1886, had a talent for sewing and for fighting
injustice. In Chapter 3, Laskin describes Itel’s journey from seamstress to
revolutionary. The younger generation of Jews in the Pale were organizing
against the system that condoned the cycle of mayhem against their people. Itel
became part of the movement to such a degree that her life was in danger. The
man she loved had left for America to escape the death sentence of having to
serve in the Tsar’s army as a Jew. After her family was warned that she would
be jailed, Itel sailed for America where she would be known as “Ida” and would
become a phenomenal success. <br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-hUyPMTpqrZI/U1LoB5_YE4I/AAAAAAAABfk/6mtESt-AwUg/s1600/Steerage_1907_Stieglitz.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-hUyPMTpqrZI/U1LoB5_YE4I/AAAAAAAABfk/6mtESt-AwUg/s1600/Steerage_1907_Stieglitz.jpg" height="400" width="313" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">"The
Steerage" 1907 photograph by Alfred Stieglitz, <br />public domain, Wikimedia.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Laskin allows us to see the day-by-day struggle of Ida from
a near penniless young seamstress<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-_7wU1t4o5h0/U1Lq4iMq-RI/AAAAAAAABf0/w2B8hrULJyU/s1600/sweatshopchicago.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-_7wU1t4o5h0/U1Lq4iMq-RI/AAAAAAAABf0/w2B8hrULJyU/s1600/sweatshopchicago.jpg" height="180" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">“…a sweatshop
inspection in Chicago, Illinois”, <br />1903, Chicago Historical Society, Wikimedia.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
looking for work on the Lower East Side of
New York to the owner of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maidenform">Maidenform Bra Company</a>. So many genealogists have stories of family members who came to America with
nothing but hopes and worked hard so that their children could have life a
little easier. But very few actually strike it rich and end up owning a world
famous company. Laskin shows us just how Ida put together her creative talent,
a risk-taking nature, hard work, and a head for business. We get to go on Ida’s
unforgettable journey along with her.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As Laskin tells the story of his family, he gives us his
theory on the types of immigrants:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: blue;">“Some immigrants forever grieve for their “real’ homes, the
predawn smell of baking bread, the glaze of rain on cobblestone, the echo of
bells in the alley. Others step off the boat, fill their lungs with the raw
unfamiliar air, and get to work. They never look back because they never have a
moment to spare or an urge <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">to regret.”<sup>2</sup></span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
David Laskin’s book is an example of the best kind of family
history. Readers not only get the personal history of the family, but these
individual stories are woven into local, regional and world history. Wouldn’t
it be wonderful if Laskin taught a class in “How to write your Family Story” at
a professional genealogy conference? While we wait for that to happen, pick up
his book and read it for the exciting story that it is, but also study it as an
example of excellent genealogy writing.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<i>Notes</i><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%; vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1</span></span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">David Laskin,
<i>The Family: Three Journeys into the Heart
of the Twentieth Century</i> (New York, New York: Viking, Penguin Group (USA)
LLC, 2013), p. 1</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<sup><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2</span></span></sup><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Ibid., p. 55</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Categories: research terms</span></span></div>
</div>
Pat Spearshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12823338581399447865noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3692263915552749403.post-16537720810414109242014-03-25T21:02:00.001-04:002017-02-16T18:14:53.175-05:00Getting Paid for Praising the Doctor – Medical Testimonials, a unique genealogical record group<div class="MsoNormal">
Genealogists are familiar with many types of records,
including vital (birth, marriage, death), church, court, and land documents.
But the medical testimonial is a new one for me. Here is an example:<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-flG9EoSxewg/UzIFyVY-U2I/AAAAAAAABc8/8e2h120Xy8Q/s1600/SickMadeWell.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-flG9EoSxewg/UzIFyVY-U2I/AAAAAAAABc8/8e2h120Xy8Q/s1600/SickMadeWell.jpg" height="251" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Patent Medicine
"Elixir of Life" ad, c. 1901,<br /> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Infrogmation" title="User:Infrogmation"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Infrogmation</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 15:49, 9 May 2008, Wikimedia.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Wikipedia definition of a “medical testimonial” is:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“…a testimonial or show consists
of a person's written or spoken statement extolling the virtue of a <span style="color: windowtext;">product</span>. The term "testimonial" most
commonly applies to the <span style="color: windowtext;">sales-pitches</span> attributed to ordinary
citizens….” <sup>1</sup></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<sup><br /></sup></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://thefreedictionary.com/">TheFreedictionary.com</a> adds to the above definition that these </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
testimonials</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“…consist… of individual
personal accounts of healing without statistics or controlled scientific
experiments.” <sup>2</sup></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<sup><br /></sup></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
All records have a purpose. Let’s see what the impetus was
for medical testimonials that became wildly popular in late eighteenth and
nineteenth century America when the advantages of modern medicine were lacking. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-aCPOhacivW0/UzIGdX_wBII/AAAAAAAABdE/Ih2hbg911CI/s1600/Bloodletting.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-aCPOhacivW0/UzIGdX_wBII/AAAAAAAABdE/Ih2hbg911CI/s1600/Bloodletting.jpg" height="320" width="258" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Broussais
instructs a nurse</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> to carry on bleeding a</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> blood-besmeared patient.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Wellcome
Library no. 16372i, Wkimedia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
So many ailments and diseases that in the past could make your life very
uncomfortable or might even kill you, nowadays are controlled by early
detection and/or effective medical interventions. But our ancestors, who lived
in America up until the early twentieth century, did not have access to the
medical knowledge and treatment available today. <br />
<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Medical knowledge and care was not very developed in America
in the 1800s. The average person had a healthy suspicion of the chances for
getting better under a doctor’s care because so many did not. People often
treated themselves with the herbs and later patent medicines that became necessities for nearly every home partly due to the rise and spread
of advertising and medical testimonials in newspapers from the mid-19<sup>th</sup>
century.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-eBUpKHIN-fw/UzIIMEnY73I/AAAAAAAABdY/Ftxf_fguOUQ/s1600/Kilmer's_Swamp_Root.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-eBUpKHIN-fw/UzIIMEnY73I/AAAAAAAABdY/Ftxf_fguOUQ/s1600/Kilmer's_Swamp_Root.jpg" height="320" width="119" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kilmer's
Swamp Root (a patent medicine),</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Edmonds Historical Museum, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Edmonds,
Washington,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Jmabel" title="User:Jmabel"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Joe Mabel</span></a><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">, 2009-04-30, Wikimedia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext;">What was
medical education like in America in the 1800s? I consulted the online article,
<a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/medical-education">Gale Encyclopedia of US History</a></span><a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/medical-education"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">:</span> Medical Education</a>. From this site, I learned that medical
schools were sparse in 19<sup>th</sup> century America. They were simply
businesses, and those who ran them were in it for the student fees. Courses
were short, and there were no labs or opportunities to work with patients. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Why was it important for patent medicine hawkers to have ads
and testimonials? Patent medicines, like any product, need recognition by the
public for sales to occur.<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UfOs4dLXzQ4/UzIHY-txDMI/AAAAAAAABdQ/KN1Jm7ocR7s/s1600/Dr._Miles'_Anti-Pain_Pills.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UfOs4dLXzQ4/UzIHY-txDMI/AAAAAAAABdQ/KN1Jm7ocR7s/s1600/Dr._Miles'_Anti-Pain_Pills.jpg" height="320" width="122" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dr. Miles'
Anti-Pain Pills, Edmonds</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Historical Museum,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Edmonds, Washington,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Joe Mabel, 30
April 2009, Wikimedia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Although several brands of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_medicine">patent medicines</a> had been
available in England and America since the 1600s, it wasn’t until the middle of the nineteenth century that this industry could
say its products were found in almost every American home. And this happened
for three reasons (rise in literacy rates, spread of newspapers and with them
newspaper advertising) which <a href="http://www.wickedlocal.com/x579269577/Peggy-Baker-presentation-Jan-27">Peggy M. Baker</a>, Director & Librarian, <a href="http://www.pilgrimhallmuseum.org/">Pilgrim Society & Pilgrim Hall Museum</a>, explains in her article, “<a href="http://www.pilgrimhallmuseum.org/pdf/Patent_Medicine.pdf">PATENT MEDICINE: Cures & Quacks</a>”:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> <span style="line-height: 115%;">“The expansion of public elementary
schools meant that everyone could read newspaper ads that promised (unproved)
cures and provided (unreliable) testimonials. The craving for news from the
front during the Civil War meant that more Americans read more newspapers,
giving patent medicine manufacturers access to more customers. <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-qawZv4d7Ilc/UzIeg9ab5-I/AAAAAAAABdw/LXC1v6tW7z0/s1600/Interior_of_Oregon_paper_mill_(3717798901).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-qawZv4d7Ilc/UzIeg9ab5-I/AAAAAAAABdw/LXC1v6tW7z0/s1600/Interior_of_Oregon_paper_mill_(3717798901).jpg" height="320" width="234" /></a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Oregon Paper
Mill, “…piles of pulp… made from wood and</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> which…will be made into great rolls
of paper.” </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.flickr.com/people/34586311@N05"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">OSU Special Collections & Archives,</span></a><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 10 July 2009, Wikimedia. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small; line-height: 115%;">The discovery of
cheap wood pulp paper and improvements in the printing process meant that
advertising volume could grow by leaps and bounds. Newspapers became filled
with ads promising quick, easy, inexpensive and sure cures for diseases both
dreadful and mundane.” </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But what does all this have to do with genealogy? Medical
testimonials are actually a unique genealogical record group, one that I never
came across before finding one through GenealogyBank.com by one of my ancestors.<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-VTufN39CU24/UzIIiaYwonI/AAAAAAAABdg/aEckAdaynFw/s1600/genealogybanklogo.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-VTufN39CU24/UzIIiaYwonI/AAAAAAAABdg/aEckAdaynFw/s1600/genealogybanklogo.gif" height="320" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Logo used by permission<br />
of GenealogyBank</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Many of you are familiar with GenealogyBank and already have used its huge
newspaper database. For those who haven’t yet mined this vast resource, this is
how a Wikipedia entry describes the company:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">“GenealogyBank.com is a commercial genealogy website housing a database that contains over one billion digitized records from U.S. newspapers and historical documents for researching family history online.”</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> <sup>3</sup><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><sup><br /></sup></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I was doing a search on my <a href="http://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/cohort">cohort </a>families in GenealogyBank. In my years of searching
databases, I have learned a few techniques to make the search more focused,
such as using quotation marks around the target name or phrase. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
When you log in
to GenealogyBank, you see a simple search screen. But I wanted to limit my
search to Illinois newspapers, so I scrolled down to “Historical Newspapers”
and clicked on “Newspaper Archives.” The screen that appeared had a list of
states in which to search and I checked “Illinois.” But you can “drill down”
even further. When you double click on “Illinois,” you will see a listing of
cities/towns. I clicked on “Chicago.” (note: Many times you will not want to
limit a search, especially at the beginning. Putting too many limits may result
in your missing an important article.) </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Next, I filled in the search box fields: </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 2.5pt;">
<span style="color: blue;">Ancestor's
Last Name: “Cosgrove”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 2.5pt;">
<span style="color: blue;">First
Name: “Matthew”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 2.5pt;">
<span style="color: blue;">Include
Keywords: “Chicago”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 2.5pt;">
<span style="color: blue;">Exclude
Keywords<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; vertical-align: middle;">
<span style="color: blue;"><input checked="" name="dateType" type="radio" value="range" /> Date
Range: 1850-1880</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><input name="dateType" type="radio" value="date" /> Date<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 1.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 4.05pt; mso-outline-level: 2;">
I clicked on “Begin Search” and the initial results screen
appeared:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 1.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 4.05pt; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: blue; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.genealogybank.com/gbnk/newspapers/doc/v2:11499A3E9CB040E8%40GBNEWS-119F0AD6E6ED9B50%402410813-119F0AD892283D38%4020-119F0ADEF7C28170%40/?search_terms=%22Chicago%22%7C%22Cosgrove%22%7C%22Matthew%22"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Ad/Classified</span></a><span style="line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: x-small;">Date: Sunday,
June 24, 1888<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: x-small;">Location: Chicago,
Illinois<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: x-small;">Paper: Daily
Inter Ocean<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: blue;">Article type:
Ad/Classified</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 1.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 4.05pt; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 1.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 4.05pt; mso-outline-level: 2;">
When I clicked on “Ad/Classified,” the second results
screen appeared. At the top of the page, GenealogyBank gives you source
information, including the type of newspaper article, the date, the name of the
newspaper, the volume, issue, section and page. For my Cosgrove search this is
what came up: </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 1.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 4.05pt; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 1.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 4.05pt; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: blue;">Advertisement
Date: Sunday, June 24, 1888 Paper: Daily Inter Ocean (Chicago,
IL) Volume: XVII Issue: 96 Section: Part 3
Page: 20 </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 1.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 4.05pt; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 1.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 4.05pt; mso-outline-level: 2;">
Below this citation is the actual article. And what a
surprise it was!! GenealogyBank highlights your search terms in yellow, so I
scrolled down the page, looking for “Matthew Cosgrove.” This jumped out at me:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 1.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 4.05pt; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 1pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="color: blue;">“Miss Katie Frances Cosgrove is the 13-year-old daughter
of Mr. and Mrs. Matthew Cosgrove, whose residence is at No. 303 South
Desplaines street, this city.”</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 1pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 1.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 4.05pt; mso-outline-level: 2;">
What a treasure trove in the first sentence – names and addresses! And the details fit my
research into the Cosgrove family in Chicago city directories and federal
census documents.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 1.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 4.05pt; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 1.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 4.05pt; mso-outline-level: 2;">
As I scrolled down, I came to a line drawing of Katie –
perhaps the only existing depiction of her. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 1.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 4.05pt; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 1.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 4.05pt; mso-outline-level: 2;">
In the text, we read that according to her mother, Mrs.
Cosgrove,<i> <span style="color: blue;">“Ever since Katie was 6 or 7 years old she has been troubled with
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catarrh">catarrh</a>…and though we tried many things, nothing seemed to do her any good.”</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 1.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 4.05pt; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 1.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 4.05pt; mso-outline-level: 2;">
Next is the point of the testimonial, for this is where
the <b>reason</b> for this whole story in
the advertisement comes out:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 1.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 4.05pt; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 1.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 4.05pt; mso-outline-level: 2;">
Again in the words of Mrs. Cosgrove, <span style="color: blue;">“We heard of some of the remarkable cures of chronic catarrh by Dr. J.G. Carroll, now at No. 96 State Street. Several months ago I took Katie to the doctor’s office for the first time….She took the doctor’s treatment at once and one month afterward she was very much better. She has continued to improve right along ever since, and now feels and looks better than she had for years.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 1.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 4.05pt; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 1.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 4.05pt; mso-outline-level: 2;">
And the testimony does not stop with Mrs. Cosgrove. Katie
herself is also called upon to praise Dr. Carroll:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 1.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 4.05pt; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 1.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 4.05pt; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<i><span style="color: blue;">“The doctor’s treatment cleared my head at once, and made
it feel as if nothing had ever stopped it up.”</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 1.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 4.05pt; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
After discovering this document on GenealogyBank, I wondered
how the Cosgrove family came to be featured in a newspaper. They were an
ordinary family with no renown or fame. That’s when I began researching medical
testimonials and found how prevalent this type of advertising was at this time.
But how were these “testifiers” located? How were they persuaded to testify?</div>
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As early as 1849, the <a href="http://www.ama-assn.org/ama">American Medical Association</a> (AMA) was
warning the public of the dangers of “<a href="http://www.ama-assn.org//ama/pub/about-ama/our-history/ama-history-timeline.page">quack remedies and nostrums</a>.” In 1911, the AMA published several articles investigating the
fraudulent use of medical testimonials under the title <i><a href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?num=494&u=1&seq=7&view=plaintext&size=100&id=uc1.31158003670972&q1=medical+testimonials">Nostrums and quackery</a>.</i> It appears that enterprising entrepreneurs
realized the value of the personal touch in building trust of would be
customers of patent medicines or doctors who provided quick cures. Often
inventors of the products would pursue advertising themselves but as the field
grew, they would seek partners.</div>
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According to one of the articles in the set mentioned above, a whole new job was created by the industry
called “medical testimonial gatherers,” and men were solicited through
newspapers to fill the jobs as reported in the American Medical Association
articles mentioned above. These gatherers would offer small remuneration or
even photos to perspective testifiers.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-FVfBdN9T02g/UzIkCF1l3lI/AAAAAAAABeE/Sg362p5UKwk/s1600/Traveling_Salesman_(1921).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-FVfBdN9T02g/UzIkCF1l3lI/AAAAAAAABeE/Sg362p5UKwk/s1600/Traveling_Salesman_(1921).jpg" height="198" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Still from
the American silent film <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traveling_Salesman_(1921_film)&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Traveling Salesman (1921 film) (page does not exist)">Traveling Salesman</a> (1921), </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">from page 60 of the July 1921 Photoplay magazine, Wikimedia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
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The American public remained avid users of patent medicines
and quack cures pedaled by “doctors” through advertising and were unaware of
the actual ingredients that were in these products into the early twentieth
century. As explained in a Wikipedia web page on patent medicines, it wasn’t
until the First <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_Food_and_Drug_Act">Food and Drug Act of 1906</a><u> </u>that the industry faced its first
regulation: </div>
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“This <span style="color: windowtext;">statute</span> did not ban the alcohol, narcotics, and
stimulants in the medicines; it required them to be labeled as such, and curbed
some of the more misleading, overstated, or <span style="color: windowtext;">fraudulent</span> claims
that appeared on the labels.”<sup>4</sup><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OIV_1-cCnp4/UzIiZ7dNhII/AAAAAAAABd8/MXdi6_VMbuI/s1600/Father+of+1906+Pure+Food+and+Drug+act.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OIV_1-cCnp4/UzIiZ7dNhII/AAAAAAAABd8/MXdi6_VMbuI/s1600/Father+of+1906+Pure+Food+and+Drug+act.jpg" height="320" width="228" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Harvey Washington
Wiley,<br /> "Father of the Pure Food and Drugs Act,<br />” Ca. 1900, <a href="http://flickr.com/photos/36038586@N04">DCPL Commons</a>, Wikimedia.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<sup><br /></sup></div>
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But it would be another 32 years, until 1938, when the
<a href="https://www.toxicology.org/gp/fda.asp">statute would be amended</a> to ban patent medicines.</div>
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To read more about the history of testimonials in American
advertising, you might consult the book <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=maK_AAAAQBAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s">TestimonialAdvertising in the American Marketplace: Emulation, Identity </a> by Marina Moskowitz and Marlis Schweitzer,
a resource suggested to me by a reference librarian at the <a href="http://www.newberry.org/">Newberry Library</a>. <br />
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<i>Footnotes</i></div>
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<ol>
<li><span style="font-size: x-small;">Testimonial, from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, online
< <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testimonial">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testimonial</a>>,
downloaded March 2014.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: x-small;">Detoxification, TheFreeDictionary, online <<a href="http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Detoxification">http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Detoxification</a>>,
downloaded March 2014.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: x-small;">Genealogybank.com, from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia,
online < <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GenealogyBank.com">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GenealogyBank.com</a>
>, downloaded March 2014.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: x-small;">Patent medicine, from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia,
online <<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_medicine">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_medicine</a>>,
downloaded March 2014.</span></li>
</ol>
Categories: research terms<br />
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Pat Spearshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12823338581399447865noreply@blogger.com0