By engraved by John C. Moss - [1], Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/ w/index.php?curid=44967267 |
- why were directories created
- who gave the information found in the directories
- who collected the information
“Directories were created for salesman, merchants and others interested in contacting residents of an area.”
I read
several web articles about directories in search of answers to the next two
questions. A book I found on books.google, Critical Toponymies: The contested Politics of Place Naming, edited by Lawrence D.
Bert and Jani Vuolteenaho revealed a great deal on the subject. Chapter
10 in the book, “Indexing the Great Ledger of the Community: Urban House
Numbering, City Directories, and the Production of Spatial Legibility” by Dr. Reuben Rose-Redwood presents the history of city directories.
On p. 208, Dr. Rose-Redwood answers the question of how the data is found:
“Although some directory compilers utilized tax assessment records to produce their directories, the majority of publishers hired a team of men to ‘canvass’ the city door-to-door, or did so themselves.”
“Although servants, women, and children were generally excluded from the city directory, they were ironically the main sources of the information that filled its pages.” p. 208Heads of household were most likely in the workplace when canvassers were on the job. We can see the status of women clearly in this record of households, the humble city directory. Women were usually only listed if they were widows.
Something I
found very interesting about the process of collecting data for the directories
is the fact that many people were very reluctant to answer the canvassers’
questions. Dr. Rose-Redwood addressed the reasons for this lack of cooperation
from many members of the public in a quote from the Mobile Directory or Stranger’s
Guide 1839, n.p.:
“Sometimes people would refuse to give their names fearing it would cause them to be taxed, or stand a draft in the militia, or for the jury.” p. 209
In his
book, Basics of Genealogy Reference: ALibrarian’s Guide, Jack Simpson quotes R.H. Donnelly, editor of
the Chicago city directory for 1892, who gives two other reasons behind
people’s objections to parting with personal information:
“Others want their names left out on all manner of pleas. Divorce cases cause many people to request that their names be suppressed. This year, particularly, there were many who said they did not want their names to appear on account of the World’s Fair. They say they don’t want their cousins to find them in 1892.” p. 46
From these
accounts, it is amazing so many households appear in the directories! The directory canvasser unfortunately did not have the government behind him as did the census taker!
https://www.census.gov/history/ www/sights_sounds/photos/ 1850_photos.php#, The Census Taker |
For more information on how city directories can help you in your research, a very helpful web article is City Directories by Bryan L. Mulcahy, Reference Librarian for Fort Myers-Lee County, FLLibrary. Mr. Mulcahy discusses how directories are organized. But most helpful is the section where he alerts the researcher as to what can be gleaned from a directory and what one might infer from a particular listing.
With this
background on city directories, we come to my experience with directory
research. In a separate post, I will unveil the details of my project using the
Chicago city directories from 1844-1880 as a source to track my target ancestor
(paternal great grandfather John Carney/Kearney and great grandmother Mary Duffy) and seven cohort families. This is another effort to go through the back door, to coax data
about my ancestor out of the few records I can find. In brief, I found a way to
go beyond what one can normally get from a city directory: individual names,
addresses, and occupations for one year. My strategy is this:
- Create a list of the families associated with your target ancestor.
- Decide on a span of years to use to track the whereabouts of these people.
- Create a spreadsheet to track addresses, changes in spelling of surnames, and occupations over time for your ancestor and the cohort families.
- Consult the target city directories for the years in your range and use the data to fill in the spreadsheet.
Below is a brief snapshot of the much larger spreadsheet. It shows a few of the cohort families who lived on the Near North Side for the period of 1844-1856.
Carney/Kearney,
Duffy and Cohorts in Chicago City Directories 1844-1856
|
||||||
Year
|
Last
Name
|
Surname
Spelling Variation
|
First
Name
|
Occupation
|
Street
#
|
Street
|
1844
|
Carney
|
William
|
sailor
|
Michigan
bt Rush and Pine
|
||
1845
|
Carney
|
William
|
tailor
|
Mich
Av bt State and 1st sts
|
||
1849-1850
|
Ward
|
Ebenezer
|
ship
carpenter
|
Illinois,
east of Pine
|
||
1849-1850
|
Ward
|
H.P.
|
clerk,
Gurnee, Hayden & Co.s
|
86
|
Dearborn
|
|
1849-1850
|
Duffy
|
Mrs.
Mary
|
laundress
|
Dearborn
bt North Water and Kinzie
|
||
1849-1850
|
Carney
|
David
|
sailor
|
Michigan
bt Dearborn and Wolcott
|
||
1851
|
Carney
|
William
|
tanner
|
Indiana
east of Pine
|
||
1851
|
Duffy
|
Mrs.
Mary
|
Dearborn
bt North Water and Kinzie
|
|||
1851
|
Ward
|
John
|
laborer
|
Ohio
and LaSalle corner
|
||
1851
|
Duffy
|
James
|
mason
|
Ohio
bt Pine and Sand
|
||
1852-1853
|
Duffy
|
Mrs.
Mary
|
Dearborn
bt Kinzie and N. Water
|
|||
1852-1853
|
Duffy
|
Duffey
|
John
|
Dearborn
bt Superior and Huron
|
||
1852-1853
|
Duffy
|
Duffey
|
Michael
|
Ohio
bt Dearborn and Wolcott
|
||
1852-1853
|
Duffy
|
Duffey
|
James
|
mason
|
Ohio
bt Pine and Sand
|
|
1853-1854
|
Carney
|
William
|
11
|
Indiana
|
||
1853-1854
|
Kreis
|
Kres
|
Carl
|
laborer
|
154
|
Indiana
|
1853-1854
|
Ward
|
George
|
ship
carpenter
|
Indiana
near Market
|
||
1853-1854
|
Ward
|
Ephraim
Jr.
|
attorney
|
102
|
Ohio
|
|
1854-1855
|
Duffy
|
William
|
constable
|
22
|
Indiana
|
|
1854-1855
|
Ward
|
Ephraim
A.
|
attorney
|
102
|
Ohio
|
|
1855-1856
|
Duffy
|
Mrs.
C.
|
98
|
Illinois
|
||
1855-1856
|
Ward
|
George
|
ship
carpenter
|
Indiana
near Market
|
||
1855-1856
|
Sweeney
|
Mrs.
Mary
|
94
|
Michigan
Avenue
|
||
1855-1856
|
Duffy
|
James
|
plasterer
|
20
|
Ohio
|
|
1855-1856
|
Ward
|
Ephraim
|
attorney
|
104
|
Ohio
|
An observation that jumps out from a quick look at the data above is the absence of street numbers in the 1840s and early 1850s. Chicago was still a young city. The first Chicago city directory was published in 1844* and as Dr. Rose-Redwood states on p.203 of his essay:
"...the introduction of house numbering into American urban life was directly tied to the development of city directory publishing in the United States."I hope this post has provided the reader with more insight into the history of the city directory and some ideas on how to mine the data contained in these publications.
*In 1839 Robert Fergus compiled and published a small run of a city directory. About 50 of the 500 copies were bought. It was forgotten until 1876 when the Fergus Printing Company added to the original and re-published it as an historical artifact. (This information came from the introduction to the re-published 1839 City of Chicago Directory in1876. Copies can be ordered at Amazon.com.)
categories: genealogy tools